literature is the aesthetic manifestation of language. it is ‘as old as human language and as new as tomorrow’s sunrise.’ this paper explores the interrelationships between language and literature from 600 ad to the present day.  the grammar of present-day english is closely related to that of old english with the same tense formation and word orders. the verse unit is a single line and its org...

In this paper we describe a proof-of-concept for the bootstrapping of a Persian WordNet. This effort was motivated by previous work done at Stanford University on bootstrapping an Arabic WordNet using a parallel corpus and an English WordNet. The principle of that work is based on the premise that paradigmatic relations are by nature deeply semantic, and as such, are likely to remain intact bet...

A hand-labelled Pashto speech data set containing spontaneous conversations is analysed in order to propose an intonational inventory of Pashto. Basic intonation patterns observed in the language are summarised. The relationship between pitch accent and part of speech (PoS), which was also annotated for each word in the data set, is briefly addressed. The results are compared with the intonatio...

Abstract This paper investigates the production of Persian–English bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) type [VERB+VERB]. In this code-switched structure, a lexical verb from donor language English is combined with light native Persian. We tested hypothesis that in BCVs occupy nominal slots monolingual Persian complex predicates [NOMINAL+VERB]. Two methodologies were used. A conversational-corpus an...

Regarding passive in Persian, two view-points are accessible: some argue that Persian language lack voice and shodan (become) is always an inchoative or linking verb. This status implies the sentences dar baaz shod (the door opens) Ali koshte (Ali was killed) same syntactically they both contain The other perspective concerning maintains has roles: passivization linking. Since Kurdish different...

In this paper, we discuss transcription systems needed for automated spoken language processing applications in languages such as Persian that use the Arabic script for writing. The work is described in the context of a speech-to-speech translation system development for English and Persian. This system can easily be modified for Arabic, Dari, Urdu and any other language that uses the Arabic sc...

background : pronoun error is one of the most common errors in many speech and language disorders. therefore, knowing about the development procedure of dependent possessive pronouns (as a subgroup of pronouns), leads to build an accurate profile for evaluation and treatment of many disorders. the goal of the present study was to examine the development of dependent possessive pronouns in 2.5-4...

objectives: nasality is one of the important parameters in pathology of voice resonance. voice of normal adults has nasality to some extent. it appears that nasality, like other parameters of voice, can be affected by loudness which can be measured in experimental evaluations. this study was conducted to determine the effect of vocal loudness on nasalance of vowels in normal adults and to ident...

background: developmental sentence scoring (dss) was developed as a numerical measurement and a clinical method based on the morphosyntactic acquisition in the english language. the aim of this study was to develop a new numerical tool similar to dss to assess the morphosyntactic abilities in persian-speaking children.   methods:  in this cross-sectional and comparative study, the language samp...