cattle manure is made from liquid and solid waste. it contains the straw and stubble that is used for the cattle bed. density of the cattle manure is inherently low, which is difficult and costly to transport. pelleting is one method to solve this problem. the physical properties of the pelleted cattle manure was investigated in this study. the results showed that by increasing moisture content...

This research was conducted to measure the exterior characteristics in four hybrids of broilers fed pelleted and commercial mash feed. A total 112 one-day-old chicks from broiler hybrids, namely, Arbor Acre, Cobb 500, Marshall, Ross 308 were used for this experimentation allocated into treatments with 28 birds each hybrid replicated times 7 per replicate a 2 × 4 factorial experiment. Pelleted m...

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the feeding value of rancid rice bran in finishing pigs. In exp. 1, fresh (FRB), rancid (RRB), pelleted and extruded rice bran were used to determine stability and nutrient digestibility. The free fatty acid (FFA) values of FRB and RRB were 8.2 and 15.3%, respectively. Some of the FRB was pelleted (70°C) or extruded (110°C). In exp. 2, a total of 48 pi...

Earthworm, a non-conventional protein source with 520–530 g protein kg−1 on dry matter basis was used in three forms viz. (i) whole earthworm (ii) earthworm custard, and (iii) pelleted earthworm diet to prepare three iso-nitrogenous (500 g protein kg−1 diet) and iso-caloric (17.0 MJ kg−1 diet) experimental diets. The formulated diets were fed ad libitum twice daily to Labeo rohita advanced fry ...

Glutamine is an important amino acid from a metabolic point of view. As an amino acid and a precursor for other amino acids, it sustains protein synthesis. It is also required for production of nucleotides (pyrimidines) and α-ketoglutarate (αKG). αKG is produced via double deamination of glutamine, a process termed glutaminolysis. Glutamine is first de-aminated by glutaminase (GLS) to produce g...

The method for sulfamethazine using post column derivatization (Associate Referee Robert Smallidge) was adopted First Action in 1999. There are a number of methods which could be readied for collaborative study with relatively little work, i.e., carbadox, ethopabate, lasalocid, or morantel tartrate. In addition to the remarks made for the following Associate Referee topics, readers can refer to...

Mycotoxins are toxic chemicals produced by certain species of molds usually belonging to the Aspergillus, Penicillium or Fusarium genera. The importance of mycotoxins to aquaculture and animal agriculture first became apparent during the early 1960s with outbreaks of aflatoxicosis in young turkeys in the United Kingdom and hatchery-reared rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) in the United States...

Leveraging random examiner assignment and detailed patent prosecution data, we nd that nonpracticing entities (NPEs) purchase patents granted by examiners that tend to issue incremental patents with vaguely-worded claims. In comparison, practicing entities purchase a very di erent set of patents, but assert patents similar to those purchased by NPEs. These results show that on average NPEs purc...

As an important constituent of animal feeds, fiber represents the portion of feeds that is bulky and difficult to digest. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) method, developed over 30 years ago, is the method of choice for measuring total fiber in forages and other feeds. Several modifications that were made to improve its general applicability to all feeds and others developed in individual labo...

Pigs require energy for maintenance and productive purposes, and an accurate amount of available energy in feeds should be provided according to their energy requirement. Available energy in feeds for pigs has been characterized as DE, ME, or NE by considering sequential energy losses during digestion and metabolism from GE in feeds. Among these energy values, the NE system has been recognized ...