Enderun School was a palace educational institution designed for the training of administrative and military staff in Ottomans. The had an important role success Ottoman Empire. Enderun, school where especially civil administrators were trained, established to create necessary manpower resource central provincial bureaucracy. formed basic education unit students taught raised through official i...

This article addresses the views of Late Byzantine writers on problem Ottoman presence in Thessalonike 1387–1402. Taking materials from works archbishops city Isidore Glabas (1380–1396) and Symeon (1416/17–1429), as well Manuel Palaiologos, governor 1382–1387, into account, this study analyses circumstances that preceded surrender to Ottomans, reasons led transfer under rule Turks. The author c...

This article examines the development of theory and practice jihad under Circassian Sultanate in Egypt Syria (1382–1517). The aims to trace key aspects concept reveal peculiarities its perception Mamluk state. highlights an essential characteristic period, i.e. interpretation as farḍ al-‘ayn (the personal duty every Muslim). A fertile ground for this paper was given by studies M. Bonner D. Cook...

The Byzantine Empire has existed longer than all the empires that were on Earth — more 1000 years. She created «Byzantine Commonwealth» of countries (D. D. Obolensky’s term), stretching from South Baltic to Mediterranean and Adriatic Sea Caucasus Mountains. Commonwealth had religious cultural unity, a close political culture similar tragic fate. All them fell victim foreign conquest, Mongols Ot...

Old Zagra, which is also called by the Ottomans as Zağra-i Eskihisar, Eskihisar-ı Zağra, Zağra Eskisi and or Atik, an old important city located in central part of Bulgaria. The conquest "City Linden Roses" region, was carried out Lala Şahin Pasha 14th century. Turks reconstructed this after capturing it turn into art region "valley roses". Many poets, writers statesmen have been raised here th...

Many definitions of Sufism have been made. is a general attitude towards the world. The Sufi thought “a morsel and dervish’s coat” concept, keep one world's charm, not to represent prisoners. Because there an excessive ambition against human nature in world its contents. If these emotions thoughts are braked, person starts behave as if he going swallow exhibit personality with avarice. For this...