Explanation.................................................................................................... 275 Evaluation for acceptable daily intakes ........................................................ 276 Biochemical aspects ................................................................................ 277 Absorption distribution and excretion ........................................

Snake bite envenomations are common in rural areas and the incidence peaks during monsoons in India. Prominent venomous species have been traditionally labeled as the 'big four' that includes Cobra, Krait, Russel's viper and Saw scaled viper. Systematic attempts for identification and classification of prevalent snakes in various states of India are missing till now and there is no concrete dat...

Anesthesia kills neurons in the brain of infantile animals, including primates, and causes permanent and progressive neurocognitive decline. The anesthesia community and regulatory authorities alike are concerned that is also true in humans. In this review, I summarize what we currently know about the risks of pediatric anesthesia to long-term cognitive function. If anesthesia is discovered to ...

Bird species in the genus Pitohui are chemically defended by a potent neurotoxic alkaloid in their skin and feathers. The two most toxic pitohui species, the hooded pitohui (Pitohui dichrous) and the variable pitohui (Pitohui kirhocephalus), are sometimes strikingly patterned and, in certain portions of their geographical ranges, both species share a nearly identical colour pattern, whereas in ...

Although development of the full syndrome of kernicterus is relatively rare, neonatal jaundice continues to occur frequently. Controversy remains concerning whether or not infants with moderate elevations in bilirubin are at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders in later childhood. Sites of brain pathology associated with bilirubin neurotoxicity are identified and well established. Based on the...

The controversy over possible MDMA-induced serotonergic neurotoxicity in human recreational ecstasy users is examined critically in light of recent research findings. Although the designs of such studies have improved considerably since the 1990s, the evidence to date remains equivocal for a number of reasons, including (1) inconsistent findings on the existence and reversibility of persistent ...

©International Anesthesia Research Society. Unauthorized Use Prohibited. Learning Objectives: I. Are parents useful (in the operating room)? a. To discuss the developmental differences in child development b. To review the incidence of postanesthesia behavioral disturbances c. To determine the benefit of parental presence in the operating room II. Will anesthesia make my child stupid? a. To det...

We describe the case of a patient with aseptic meningoencephalitis after intrathecal iohexol injection for myelography and review the previous literature on similar cases of contrast-induced neurotoxicity.

Lithium is now a widely used drug in psychiatry and is the most preferred agent in the prophylaxis of affective disorder. However, about 30-40% of patients do not respond to Lithium. Addition of carbamazepine may be helpful in such cases, where it acts synergistically with Lithium (Forrest 1982, Lipinski et al 1982, Desai et al 1983). We also tried this combination in a case of affective disord...

Lead pollution is a substantial problem in developing countries such as India. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has defined an elevated blood lead level in children as > or = 10 microg/dl, on the basis of neurologic toxicity. The US Environmental Protection Agency suggests a threshold lead level of 20-40 microg/dl for risk of childhood anemia, but there is little information re...