The development of neuroimaging techniques is one of the most impressive advancements in neuroscience. The main reason for the widespread use of these instruments lies in their capacity to provide an accurate description of neural activity during a cognitive process or during rest. This important advancement is related to the possibility to selectively detect changes of neuronal activity in spa...

The growth cone plays crucial roles in neural wiring, synapse formation, and axonal regeneration. Continuous rearrangement of cytoskeletal elements and targeting of transported vesicles to the plasma membrane are essential to growth cone motility; however, the proteins directly involved in these processes and their specific functions are not well established. We recently identified 17 proteins ...

We present a computational model of amygdala neural networks. It is used to simulate neuronal activation in amygdala nuclei at different stages of aversive conditioning experiments with rats. Our model is based on neurobiological data. Simple formal neurons and an adaptive Hebbian rule are the key elements of the model. The results are compatible with neuronal activation maps obtained with C-Fo...

In the chick ciliary ganglion, neuronal number is kept constant between St. 29 and St. 34 (E6-E8) despite a large amount of cell death. Here, we characterize the source of neurogenic cells in the ganglion as undifferentiated neural crest-derived cells. At St. 29, neurons and nonneuronal cells in the ciliary ganglion expressed the neural crest markers HNK-1 and p75(NTR). Over 50% of the cells we...

Previous studies on ageing animal and human subjects have demonstrated a significant overall decline in neuronal numbers in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS). Our study aimed to confirm this observation by counting myenteric neurons stained with the panneuronal markers PGP 9.5 and NADH-diaphorase. We also wished to examine the possibility that particular subpopulations of...

The mammalian cerebral neocortex is a complex six-layered structure containing multiple types of neurons. Pyramidal neurons of the neocortex are formed during development in an inside-out manner, by which deep layer (DL) neurons are generated first, and upper layer (UL) neurons are generated last. Neurons within the six-layered neocortex express unique markers for their position, showing whethe...

Immediate early genes (IEGs) were traditionally used as markers of neuronal activity in striatum in response to stimuli including drugs of abuse such as psychostimulants. Early studies using these neuronal activity markers led to important insights in striatal neuron subtype responsiveness to psychostimulants. Such studies have helped identify striatum as a critical brain center for motivationa...

The neuronal circuits of the cerebellar cortex are essential for motor and sensory learning, associative memory formation, and the vestibular ocular reflex. In children and young adults, tumors of the granule cell, the medulloblastomas, represent 40% of brain tumors. We report the differentiation of E14 ES cells into mature granule neurons by sequential treatment with secreted factors (WNT1, FG...

Important features of adult neuronal number, location, and type are a consequence of early embryonic events that occur before neurons have differentiated. We have measured cell number during embryogenesis of the rat CNS. Markers that are expressed in the proliferating neuronal precursor are required to study the mechanisms controlling their proliferation and differentiation. By applying immunoh...

Ganglioglioma with a glioblastomatous component and high-grade atypia of neuronal cells are extremely rare findings. In this paper, we report the case of a 60-year-old man who presented with a tumor of the left temporal lobe. Hematoxylin-Eosin stained slides revealed a complex tumor with features of glioblastoma and marked atypia of neuronal cells. Glial cells were highlightened by antibodies t...