........................................................................................................ iii Acknowledgement ..........................................................................................v Table of contents ........................................................................................... vi List of figures ......................................................

While neuromodulation is a well-established treatment option for patients with non-neurogenic overactive bladder and urinary retention, its applicability to the neurogenic bladder population has only recently been examined more in depth. In this article we will discuss the outcomes, contraindications, and special considerations of sacral and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS) in patie...

Neuromodulators are signaling molecules that induce long-lasting or network-wide changes in electrical activity, canonically through metabotropic G-coupled protein receptors. In contrast to classical neurotransmission, which directly opens ion channels, neuromodulators can act either synaptically or extra-synaptically (e.g., hormonal pathways) to modify neuronal activity. Because neuromodulator...

of the 13th Toyota Conference on Affective Minds (1999). METALEARNING, NEUROMODULATION AND EMOTION Kenji Doya [email protected] ATR International; CREST, Japan Science and Technology Corp. Recent advances in machine learning and artificial neural networks have enabled us to build robots and virtual agents that can learn a variety of behavioral tasks. However, their learning capabilities are st...

of fields; in each, rapid innovation is underway. Consequently, this is one of the most exciting and, potentially, one of the highest impact technologies and fields of medicine. In this overview, the most prolific dimensions of innovation are discussed, and a sampling of some of the most promising and high-impact technologies and ventures is briefly presented. The genesis of this presentation g...

Non-invasive neural stimulation techniques are of increasing importance as devices move from the lab to the clinical environment. One such technology-transcranial magnetic stimulation-has already made the transition and is currently used by clinicians to treat depression. This device has several drawbacks, such as a limited ability to focus its energy to a relatively small region and to distrib...

This paper presents a computational theory on the roles of the ascending neuromodulatory systems from the viewpoint that they mediate the global signals that regulate the distributed learning mechanisms in the brain. Based on the review of experimental data and theoretical models, it is proposed that dopamine signals the error in reward prediction, serotonin controls the time scale of reward pr...