long–term stability and oxidation resistance of aisi 439 ferritic stainless steel used as interconnects in solid oxide fuel cells can be improved by use of a protective coating. in this study the pack cementation method was employed to coat aisi 439 ferritic stainless steel with manganese. isothermal oxidation was conducted at 800 ºc for 200 hours in static air to investigate the role of coatin...

A topological insulator is a material with an insulating interior but time-reversal symmetry-protected conducting edge states. Since its prediction and discovery almost a decade ago, such a symmetry-protected topological phase has been explored beyond electronic systems in the realm of photonics. Electrons are spin-1/2 particles, whereas photons are spin-1 particles. The distinct spin differenc...

We review the main ideas discussed during the meeting and propose methods for a new generation of space accelerators

In [KSb] we studied the following model for the spread of a rumor or infection: There is a “gas” of so-called A-particles, each of which performs a continuous time simple random walk on Z, with jumprate DA. We assume that “just before the start” the number of A-particles at x, NA(x, 0−), has a mean μA Poisson distribution and that the NA(x, 0−), x ∈ Z , are independent. In addition, there are B...

Quarks are widely recognized today as being among the elementary particles of which matter is composed. The key evidence for their existence came from a series of inelastic electron-nucleon scattering experiments conducted between 1967 and 1973 at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. Other theoretical and experimental advances of the 1970s confirmed this discovery, leading to the present sta...

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Gauge symmetries: These are local symmetries that act differently at each space-time point x = (t,x) . They create particularly stringent constraints on the structure of a theory. For example, gauge symmetry automatically determines the interaction between particles by introducing bosons that mediate the interaction. All current models of elementary particles incorporate gauge symmetry. (Detail...

The idea of unifying all the gauge and Yukawa forces as well as the gauge, Higgs, and fermionic matter particles naturally leads us to a simple gauge symmetry in higher dimensions with supersymmetry. We present a model in which, for the first time, such a unification is achieved in the framework of quantum field theory.