The microbial factor is essential in the etiology of mastitis. In this regard, bacteriological diagnostics one decisive moments recognition and differentiation pathological conditions mammary gland. However, it takes a lot time to make diagnosis using general methods, special culture media reagents.

aflatoxins are toxic compounds which are produced by aspergillus flavus and a. parasiticus. these toxins can be transmitted into the animal body via contaminated feed. when these toxins enter the animal body, they can penetrate into different tissues. one of the most important tissues which can be influenced by aflatoxin is the mammary gland. milk protein is one the most important factors in de...

Breast cancer is the most common non-skin cancer among women in this country. Breast cancer risk is significantly influenced by genetics, but over 70% of the women that are diagnosed have noninherited or sporadic cancer. The risk of breast cancer is thought to be modified by lifestyle and environment. Exposures to certain chemicals and hormone-mimicking or endocrine-disrupting compounds (EDCs) ...

Amino acid transport via system A plays an important role during lactation, promoting the uptake of small neutral amino acids, mainly alanine and glutamine. However, the regulation of gene expression of system A [sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)2] in mammary gland has not been studied. The aim of the present work was to understand the possible mechanisms of regulation of SNA...

This study aimed to establish yak mammary epithelial cells (YMECs) for an in vitro model of yak mammary gland biology. The primary culture of YMECs was obtained from mammary gland tissues of lactating yak and then characterized using immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, and western blot analysis. Whether foreign genes could be transfected into the YMECs were examined by transfecting the EGFP gene into ...

During puberty, mouse mammary epithelial ducts invade the stromal mammary fat pad in a wave of branching morphogenesis to form a complex ductal tree. Using pharmacologic and genetic approaches, we find that mammary gland branching morphogenesis requires transient matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity for invasion and branch point selection. MMP-2, but not MMP-9, facilitates terminal end bud i...

The morphological features of blood and milk neutrophils from peak lactating goats were compared using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and flow cytometry in order to investigate the cytological changes of neutrophils after migration into the mammary gland. The kinetics of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) generation and gelatinase release of blood and milk neutrophils, with or ...

Nipple adenoma, a benign tumour of the breast, is a relatively rare occurrence. This report describes an even rarer case of nipple adenoma arising within a supernumerary mammary gland. The presenting symptoms were a lump and throbbing pain in the axilla. Ultrasound scan and core biopsy proved inconclusive so surgical excision was undertaken, thus allowing a histological diagnosis. The patient m...

Mammary gland is an organ that undergoes cycles of growth, differentiation, and function during pregnancy and lactation. Although it is known that the gland enhances its sensitivity to insulin during lactation, it remains to be investigated whether this increased sensitivity develops during pregnancy and which are the molecular mechanisms underlying such a change. To address this issue, virgin ...

A preliminary study was conducted using lactating British Saanen goats (n = 5) at 109 to 213 d in milk that yielded 1.67 to 3.68 kg of milk/d to examine the application of a U-13C-labeled amino acid (AA) mixture obtained from hydrolyzed algal proteins as a tracer for measuring plasma flux (n = 5) and partition to the mammary gland (n = 3; arteriovenous difference) of 13 AA simultaneously. Excep...