In the WWW, people are engaging in interaction with more, and more diverse information than ever before, so there is an increasing need for information “filtering.” But because of the diversity of information resources, and the lack of traditional quality control on the WWW, the criteria of authority and quality of information that people have used for this purpose in past contexts may no longe...

When the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), or the National Institute for Clinical Excellence as it was then known, was first established in 1999 its responsibilities were twofold. It was charged with providing guidance to the National Health Service (NHS) on the use of (mainly new) health technologies (so-called technology appraisals) on the basis of their clinical a...

The Carnegie Institution of Washington was incorporated with these words in 1902 by its founder, Andrew Carnegie. Since then, the institution has remained true to its mission. At six research departments across the country, the scientific staff and a constantly changing roster of students, postdoctoral fellows, and visiting investigators tackle fundamental questions on the frontiers of biology,...

Why do institutions grow? Despite nearly a century of scientific effort, there remains little consensus on this topic. This paper offers a new approach that focuses on energy consumption. A systematic relation exists between institution size and energy consumption per capita: as energy consumption increases, institutions become larger. I hypothesize that this relation results from the interplay...

The avoidance of a conflict interest within private and public institutions is closely associated with good corporate governance. This study departed from the question whether possible non-decision-making institutional committee. For this purpose, high-level committee South African higher education institution was selected as case study. article reports on an exploratory qualitative consisting ...

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among the important elements of democracies are parliaments and legislatures. parliament’s status and importance is such that each democratic system and state, should take it into consideration as a fundamental and vital institution. this requirement is also discussed in islamic states. according to the principles of islamic theological thought, before we can talk about parliament and its struc...

Introduction: Laryngotracheal trauma is a rare life-threatening emergency that requires early identification and immediate intervention. Here, we present 26 patients with laryngotracheal trauma from a tertiary hospital in India. The aim was to describe the clinical presentation and management of laryngotracheal trauma patients.   Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study of laryngot...

Tracing a journey from the high school to the professoriat, the author has picked and chosen from “signal events” and epiphanies over a lifetime of scholarly and professional work to share the memories of people and experiences that shaped the research life. Framed always by a sense of community, and how to create a warm and caring community of colleagues, collaborators, and friends, she outlin...