The paper investigates, in a non-technical fashion, the economic determinants of interchange fees in payment card systems and the potential need for their regulation. Among other things, it demonstrates that the proposal for a cost-based regulation of interchange fees relies on an erroneous, vertically organized, model of the payment card industry.

Semantics Alessandro Pinto1, Luca P. Carloni3, Roberto Passerone2, and Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli1 1 University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 {apinto, alberto}@eecs.berkeley.edu 2 University of Trento, Trento, Italy [email protected] 3 Columbia University in the City of New York, NY 10027-7003 [email protected] Abstract. In [1] we advocated the need for an interchange fo...

Axisymmetric interchange instabilities in ideal magnetohydrodynamics are considered for a code verification exercise. Linearized equations are solved for cylindrical equilibria with uniform axial current density and uniform axial magnetic field. Analytical results are obtained from eigenmode analysis, and different NIMROD computations are performed with the plane of finite elements representing...

Accompanying with the growing Internet, DL/M has become an important researches issue. Metadata as a concrete foundation for Digital Libraries and Museums (DL/M) researches and systems, its role has being recognized by different research fields. Due to the essence of Internet, the paper not only describes the research and development of metadata for information, but also addresses on the issue ...

T he Florida Department of Transportation (FDOT) hired a consultant team to perform analysis of various grade separation concepts. This work was part of a project to determine the feasibility of using grade separation techniques to solve arterial/arterial intersection capacity deficiencies. A significant portion of this exercise was aimed at determining the relative traffic carrying capabilitie...

Experimental and theoretical studies are made of the influence of high frequency radio frequency (rf) waves upon interchange stability in HANBIT mirror plasmas. An emphasis is put on the interchange stability near the resonance region, ω0≈Ωi, where ω0 is the angular frequency of the applied rf wave and Ωi is the ion cyclotron frequency. Recent HANBIT experiments have shown the existence of the ...

A fast eigenvector technique for obtaining good initial node partitions of netlists for use in interchange heuristics is described. The method is based on approximating the netlist or hypergraph by a weighted graph, G, such that the sum of the cut edges in G tightly underestimates the number of cut nets in any netlist partition. An eigenvector technique of Barnes [2] is used to partition the gr...

PURPOSE This study aimed to quantify changes in heart rate (HR) and movement speeds in interchanged and whole-match players during 35 elite rugby league performances. METHODS Performances were separated into whole match, interchange bout 1, and interchange bout 2 and further subdivided into match quartiles. Mean percentages of peak HR (%HR(peak)) and total and high-intensity running (> 14 km/...

There are several literature references which deal with interchange of tangible goods (see e.g. López, Núñez, Rodríguez, & Rubio, 2002). However, when the nature of interchangeable goods is more complex, such as knowledge, some considerations must be taken into account. In case of information " interchange " , it is compulsory to consider that to supply it does not imply that the initial owner ...

Keywords In this paper the theory of Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is applied to the safety case management domain in order to evaluate its benefits and to assess the potential issues which relate to data exchange within certain industry sectors. Safety case, electronic data interchange (EDI), safety requirements, goal structuring notation (GSN).