PURPOSE To evaluate the anatomical and functional outcome of intravitreal dexamethasone implant for macular edema secondary to central (C) or branch (B) retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in patients with persistent macular edema (ME) refractory to intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment compared to treatment naïve patients and to dexamethasone-refractory eyes switched to...

We injected an intravitreal dexamethasone implant in two eyes of 2 pediatric patients with Coats' disease in addition to other treatment modalities, such as intravitreal ranibizumab injection and indirect laser photocoagulation. In both eyes, intraocular pressure moderately rose in a temporary fashion. The dexamethasone implant seems to be a valuable addition to the armamentarium of treatment o...

INTRODUCTION The pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema (DME) is complex, involving vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and other inflammatory mediators. DME is currently treated first-line with intravitreal anti-VEGF treatments, though some cases are refractory to multiple anti-VEGF treatments. AREAS COVERED This article examines the evolution of treatment practices for DME, with di...

Recent developments in pharmacotherapy for retinal disorders may be considered as a turning point in ophthalmology. The introduction of new therapies for devastating conditions such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the main cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly, stemmed from the tremendous work by Folkman and colleagues who identified the pivotal role of the vascular endothel...

Dr. Judah Folkman’s groundbreaking research in the fields of angiogenesis and vascular biology has been translated into successful medicines in the eye to treat disorders, such as wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy. Although preceded by the ill-fated aptamer, pegaptanib (Macugen), the development of ranibizumab (Lucentis), the first protein-based vascular endoth...

PURPOSE To measure intravitreal low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels in the eyes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and to observe their correlation with PDR activity. METHODS Fifty-five eyes of 55 patients were enrolled consecutively. Vitreous samples from 30 eyes with PDR and 25 eyes with nondia...

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent promoter of angiogenesis involved in a wide variety of physiologic processes. Intravitreal injections targeting VEGF have transformed the treatment of neovascular retinal diseases. Currently, there are four anti-VEGF agents in use: bevacizumab, ranibizumab, pegaptanib, and aflibercept. The success and frequency of anti-VEGF therapy have made...

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be an endothelial cell-specific mitogen and an angiogenic inducer in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated to increase retinal vessel permeability by increasing the phosphorylation of tight junction proteins. Recent work has found elevated levels of VEGF in ocular fluids of patients with prolif...

We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on the efficacy of the targeted therapies in the treatment of advanced RCC and, via an indirect comparison, to provide an optimal treatment among these agents. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library and Clinical Trials unpublished was performed up to Jan 1, 2015 to identify eligible randomized trials. Outcome...

PURPOSE To report the efficacy and safety of combined intravitreal dexamethasone implant and micropulse laser for anti-VEGF resistant diabetic macular edema. PATIENTS AND METHODS Prospective, non-controlled study that was conducted for twenty eyes with center-involved diabetic macular edema not responding to anti-VEGF therapy. Ozurdex intravitreal implant was injected to all eyes with subsequ...