To date, construction of interlingual resources continues to be a labor-intensive process—often resulting in knowledge-based systems that suffer from a lack of robustness. Such systems may work well on certain types of phenomena, but their complex knowledge-based foundation makes them difficult to extend to new phenomena or languages. We adopt the view that it is possible to approximate the dep...

historical Surface gloss a. /man‐aa vai/ mana vai “give me it”

We used the visual world paradigm to examine interlingual lexical competition when Dutch-English bilinguals listened to low-constraining sentences in their nonnative (L2; Experiment 1) and native (L1; Experiment 2) languages. Additionally, we investigated the influence of the degree of cross-lingual phonological similarity. When listening in L2, participants fixated more on competitor pictures ...

MT systems that use only superficial representations, including the current generation of statistical MT systems, have been successful and useful. However, they will experience a plateau in quality, much like other “silver bullet” approaches to MT. We pursue work on the development of interlingual representations for use in symbolic or hybrid MT systems. In this paper, we describe the creation ...

The project started in 1982 with a Feasibility Study funded by the Commission of the European Community (Hutchins, 1986, pp. 287 291). Since 1984, the government of the Netherlands and BSO each support 50 % of the project. Annual budget averaged around 1 million dollar for the last three years, and still 5 million has been reserved for 1988-1991. Commercialization is not expected to begin befor...

During recent decades due to the increase in pollutants release from various industries, reduction or elimination of volatile organic compounds VOCs has become one of the main purposes of researches in order to protect the environment. In this research, two acrylic emulsion resins and an adhesion promoter polyester emulsion resin were used to optimize water-based printing ink formulation for pr...

Speaking as an initial goal in language teaching and learning has relationships with many variables including listening, reading, writing, knowledge of vocabulary as well as grammar. The present study mainly aims at examining the relationship between translations and speaking fluency. For this purpose and following an experimental design, three groups of Iranian advanced EFL learners were...