Baclofen, an agonist of GABA(B) receptors and LY367385, an antagonist of mGluR(1a) receptors, given alone or jointly, reduced the immobility time in the forced swim test but only their separate administration enhanced motility in group of rats without hypoxia. Short-term hypoxia (2% O2, 98% N2, 4 min) did not change the activity of the rats in the forced swim test and it did robustly decrease t...

BACKGROUND Chaihu Guizhi has the effects of treating exogenous wind-cold; alternating episodes of chills and fever; noisy nose and retching; strong headache; chest and rib-side pain, and fullness, in clinical practice, it can also be used for the treatment of depression. The objective of this paper was to study the anti-depressant effect of Chaihu Guizhi decoction and its mechanism. MATERIALS...

introduction: lower limb surgeries are commonly done by using general anesthesia, regional anesthesia and blockade nerve. patients who are exposed to danger such as cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary patients and hemodynamic instability, for reducing complications in below knee surgery, can use lower limb blockage nerve in popliteal region which is a safe method. materials & methods: in this ex...

1. The durations of successive periods of induced tonic immobility in the lizard Anolis carolinensis was examined as a function of temperature. An automatic recording method was employed and observations were made of 12,000 to 15,000 immobilizations with six animals over a temperature range of 5 degrees to 35 degrees C. during 5 months. 2. The durations of the immobile periods were found to var...

PURPOSE To compare the effects of the antidepressant drugs duloxetine and fluoxetine on depressive behaviors in rodents. METHODS Eighteen male Wistar rats were given systemic injections of duloxetine, fluoxetine, or saline prior to a Forced Swimming Test (FST). Immobility and number of stops were measured. RESULTS Rats given injections of fluoxetine displayed significantly less immobility (...

We examined the effects of minaprine and sulpiride injected into the medial amygdaloid nucleus on the duration of immobility in rats forced to swim. Minaprine (50 micrograms/microliter) significantly reduced the duration of immobility, while sulpiride (50 micrograms/microliters) remarkedly enhanced it. These results suggest that the medial amygdaloid nucleus might be involved in the suppressive...

During early ontogeny, stimuli that pose a threat to an animal change. Unrelated adult male rats may kill young rats, but infanticide ends around weaning. Predation, on the other hand, may increase during early ontogeny when rats begin to extend their activity range. We investigated the developmental course of two defensive responses, immobility and analgesia, in young rats exposed to an adult ...