Conventional surplus production models indicate that destruction of fish populations by overfishing is difficult, if not impossible, but catastrophic declines in abundance of exploited populations are common. Surplus production models also do not predict large continuing fluctuations in yield, but large fluctuations in yield are common. Conventional surplus production models assume that fisheri...

Renewable natural resources include those resources useful to human economies that exhibit growth, maintenance, and recovery from exploitation over an economic planning horizon. The economics of such resources has traditionally considered stocks of fish, forests, or freshwater, much like a banker would tally interest on cash deposits. From an economic point of view, the management of biomass, s...

We use economic experiments to investigate how different contract enforcement regimes affect efficiency and the distribution of surplus in vertically coordinated markets where contractors have market power. We find that if a third party (e.g. government) provides full enforcement of contracts, social efficiency is enhanced. Surprisingly, we find when enforcement is completely absent, social eff...

It has been widely recognized that China has had a large pool of surplus labour. However, despite its significant implications for wage levels and the Chinese economy, the current debates yield conflicting results as to whether the Lewis turning point has been reached. This paper clarifies a theoretical issue about the mechanisms of surplus labour absorption, subsequently indentifies two Lewis ...

The views expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research. ABSTRACT The welfare gain to consumers from the introduction of personal computers is estimated here. A simple model of consumer demand is formulated that uses a slightly modified version of standard preferences. The modification permits marginal utility, a...

With the increase in environmental awareness, competitions and government policies, implementation of green supply chain management activities to sustain production and conserve resources is becoming more necessary for different organizations. However, it is difficult to successfully implement green supply chain (GSC) activities because of the risks involved. These risks alongside their resourc...

the purpose of this article is to evaluate the pivotal irrigated wheat project by cost-benefit analysis method in order to find the internal rate of return and the ratio of present value of net benefits to costs.to this end, we have estimated the economic surplus created due to shift in wheat supply , as result ofimplementation ofthe project and have calculated the above criteria. we found that...

The distribution of congestion surplus affects not only the short-term economic interests stakeholders in power spot market, but improvement social welfare long run. At present, mature electricity markets developed countries is usually returned to users or generation enterprises according established proportions. Although this method helps achieve rational surplus, it does offer a solution prob...