This article highlights current economic conditions in China and analyzes existing obstacles to improving workplace conditions and labor practices. There are significant disincentives to strengthening workplace protections, and downward pressures are currently worsening conditions in a number of economic sectors. However, there are also potential strategies for motivating multinational corporat...

There are 1.3 billion Muslims in the world. Islam is one of the fastest growing religions and now constitutes the second or third religion in the USA and many European countries. Islamic countries have differing economic status and per capita income and this has its impact on the renal replacement therapy provided (Table 1 w1x), as it is an expensive mode of treatment. The success of transplant...

The controversies surrounding intellectual property protection are most obvious when it comes to protecting indigenous knowledge. The firmly entrenched patenting laws in the developed world provide recognition and economic monopoly to individual inventors. Consequently, large and small companies have been able to appropriate the economic benefits from the technological knowledge protected throu...

Hammurabi was the ruler of Babylon from 1792 B.C. to 1750 B.C 1 . He is much celebrated for proclaiming a set of laws, called the Code of Hammurabi (The Code henceforward). The Code was written in the Akkadian language and engraved on black diorite, measuring about two-and-a-quarter meters. The tablet is on display in the Louvre, Paris. The stone carving on which the laws are written was found ...

Economic growth and poverty reduction require for a country to establish efficient rules for economic and political transactions. Poor countries suffer from inadequate, inefficient transaction rules. Formal rules (e.g., laws, policies) must be nested in hospitable behavioural norms and values. Cultural collectivism in many of these countries and consequent group-oriented values, factionalism, a...

There are two contracting viewpoints concerning the explanation of observed fluctuations in economic and financial markets. According to the first view (Newclassical) the main source of fluctuations is to be found in exogenous, random shocks to fundamentals. According to the second view (Keynesian) a significant part of observed fluctuations is caused by non-linear economic laws. Even in the ab...

Fundamental laws govern all complex flow systems, including natural ecosystems, economic and financial systems. Natural ecosystems are practical exemplars of sustainability: enduring, vital, adaptive. The sustainability of any complex flow system can be measured with a single metric as an emergent property of its structural diversity and interconnectivity; it requires a balance in emphasis betw...

This article examines the effect of restrictive smoking laws on restaurants, bars, and taverns. Supporters of these laws often argue that they do not harm firms and may even raise profits. Opponents argue that owners cater to customer smoking preferences, and laws mandating specific policies will negatively impact profits. This article provides a framework for examining the distribution of effe...

Although the lot size problem (i.e., the economic order quantity model) has been widely accepted and used by researchers and practitioners, it has also been criticized by others on the grounds that not accounting for some of the hidden costs in inventory systems often lead to poor results. This paper postulates that estimating these hidden costs may be attained by applying the first and second ...

Evolving wildfire management policies are aimed at more comprehensive treatments of current wildland fire management problems. Key policies are identified that affect wildfire and fuels management. Policies are discussed in the context of institutional factors such as interagency cooperation and the growing number of regulations and laws. Key economic principles, such as the Coase Theorem, are ...