The central nervous system demyelinating diseases are a group of disorders with different etiologies, characterized by inflammatory lesions that are associated with loss of myelin and eventually axonal damage. In this group the most studied ones are multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optic (NMO) and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). The cerebrospinal fluid is essential to differe...

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by JC virus infection in oligodendrocytes, especially in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Movement disorders associated with PML are very rare. Here, we report a case of PML in an AIDS patient who presented with a cerebellar tremor, caused by lesions in ...

A number of neurological and psychogenic disorders present with tremor. In some, there is a known structural abnormality, while in others the pathophysiology is unknown. For example, the scarcity of a neurotransmitter from presynaptic neuronal degeneration causes tremor in degenerative cerebellar or basal ganglia disorders (Jankovic and Tolosa 2007 ) . Instability of the brainstem neural integr...

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker ...

Objective To assess the frequency of spinal cord central canal dilation on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD) myelitis compared to aquaporin-4-positive-neuromyelitis optic spectrum disorder (AQP4+NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). Background In MOGAD myelitis, a sagittal T2-hyperintense line accompanied by a...

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that may lead to disability of the patient. Current MS treatment regimens are still insufficient and research is conducted for developing more effective therapies capable of targeting neurodegeneration, inflammation, and demyelination. Recent results of experimental and clinical studies in ...

Tumefactive multiple sclerosis with the presence of tumefactive demyelinating lesions (TDL) is an infrequent manifestation sclerosis. It poses a diagnostic challenge, especially in attempts to differentiate it from central nervous system neoplasm or other disorders, such as neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). The article reports case 40-year-old female during chronic steroid therapy...

Purpose of review Advanced immunopathological techniques hold promise for more precise diagnosis of idiopathic demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system. We review recent progress in differentiating and understanding the disease mechanisms of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, neuromyelitis optica, and classical multiple sclerosis. Recent findings Four distinct immunopathological ...

BACKGROUND Unsteadiness during standing and walking is a frequent complaint of patients with polyneuropathy (PNP). OBJECTIVE To determine whether balance disorders in patients with PNP may be caused by reduced proprioceptive input from the feet alone or whether impaired vestibular input, resulting from involvement of the vestibular nerve, can be an additional factor. METHODS A total of 37 p...