The idea of structure is one of the fundamental issues that any science must address. In its broadest sense, structure refers to the arrangement of the parts of the system that the science studies. Structure is fundamental because it significantly determines the processes of the system, that is, the ways in which the system can function or behave, The science of human communication studies the ...

Source control by on-site retention and infiltration of stormwater is a sustainable and proven alternative to classical drainage methods. Unfortunately, sedimentary particles and pollutants from drained surfaces cause clogging and endanger soil and groundwater during long-term operation of infiltration devices. German water authorities recommend the use of infiltration devices, such as swales o...

Dynamic analysis of supported pipes conveying pulsating fluid is investigated in Hamiltonian system using precise integration method PIM . First, symplectic canonical equations of supported pipes are deduced with state variable vectors composed of displacement and momentum. Then, PIM with linear interpolation formula is proposed to solve these equations. Finally, this approach’s precision is te...

The objectives of this study were to investigate migration of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) pipes used for drinking water produced by different production methods, and to evaluate their potential risk for human health and/or influence on aesthetic drinking water quality. The migration tests were carried out in accordance with EN-1420-1, and VOCs were ana...

This paper presents an experimental study on circular stirrup-confined concrete specimens under uniaxial and monotonic load. The effects of stirrup volume ratio, stirrup yield strength and concrete strength on damage evolution of stirrup-confined concrete were investigated. The experimental results showed that the strength and ductility of concrete are improved by appropriate arrangement of the...

Abstract Reinforcement of the pre-stressed concrete cylinder pipes with external strands is an effective way to enhance a prestressed pipe’s ability bear design hydraulic pressure. A theoretical derivation studied, and this formula could be used determine cross-sectional area per unit length. This target tensile strength steel in order meet requirements ultimate limit states, serviceability qua...

BACKGROUND Crack pipe sharing can increase health risks among people who use drugs, yet the reasons for sharing these pipes have not been well described. Therefore, we sought to identify the prevalence and correlates of crack pipe sharing among a community-recruited sample of people who use illicit drugs in Vancouver, a setting where crack pipes are provided at low or no cost. FINDINGS Data f...

Because of their wide application in industries requiring high pressure and temperature, manufacturing square and rectangular pipes have attracted more attention than ever before. There are various methods such as extrusion, tensile and stress for manufacturing square pipes. Another method on which studies have focused in recent years is the re-forming of round pipes in order to turn them into ...

Failures in the water distribution network are some most important factors in water losses, water shortage and dissatisfaction of users and secondary pollutions as well. This research aimed to analyze failure in water distribution networks during 2006-2008, for better water management. Daily failure reports in Ahvaz, Iran distribution network during 2006-2008, were collected from emergency depa...