Since 1949, the data of land tenure has a positive effect on reconciling land tenure conflicts, defining the scope of collective land and state-owned land, implementing the system of cultivated land protection and land use control, designing general land use planning, accelerating information-based land resource management, etc. The emphasis in the near future should be placed on establishing r...

In the design of human-computer ranking systems for the adaptive display of information, designers often define a domain-specific scoring function which maps items such as people or information search results to numeric scores. Classic ranking systems typically display these items in a linear fashion, sorted by score. There are shortcomings to this approach: such ranking systems do not provide ...

In Bulgaria’s irrigation sector, collective action solutions have been propagated by the Bulgarian Government and the World Bank in recent years. However, the introduction of a World Bank Project, the enforcement of the Bulgarian Water Law in 2000 and the Water User Association Act in 2001 find no common ground where collective action can grow. Given that villagers often hardly know anything ab...

Natural resource degradation and water scarcity are a global concern, which typically threatens the sustainability of smallholder farmers’ livelihoods in semi-arid developing areas. As part of research efforts, a number of water-conservation technologies (WCT) have been developed, yet with low adoption rates in smallholder farming environments. This paper discusses the concepts of adoption and ...

National governments in almost all developing countries have begun to decentralize policies and decision making related to development, public services, and the environment. Existing research on the subject has enhanced our understanding of the effects of decentralization and thereby has been an effective instrument in the advocacy of decentralization. But most analyses, especially where enviro...

1 Perennial and violent family, ethnic, tribal, national and regional conflicts are land-related, particularly the struggle for access to and control over land and its natural resources. Preventing and managing landrelated conflicts requires securing land rights for all beyond property rights. The paper takes the view that access to and control over land-based resources for the majority will ne...

1 Community forests (CFs) in northern Burma have been gaining momentum since the mid-2000s, spearheaded by national NGOs, mostly in response to protect village land from encroaching agribusiness concessions. While the production of these new CF landscapes represents the material resistance against state-sponsored rubber, in effect it produces contested state authority by formalizing control of ...

When the median voter's preference sets the level of local public goods, some voters are left unsatisfied. Is there an institution by which subsets of voters can resolve the collective action problem and increase the local provision of public goods? If so, what are the consequences? In response to problems such as crime and vandalism, neighborhood property owners have established Business Impro...

Autapse plays an important role in regulating the electric activity of neuron by feedbacking time-delayed current on the membrane of neuron. Autapses are considered in a local area of regular network of neurons to investigate the development of spatiotemporal pattern, and emergence of spiral wave is observed while it fails to grow up and occupy the network completely. It is found that spiral wa...