Previously published results (Khodorov 1973; Khodorov et al. 1974, 1976; Zaborovskaya 1976) showed that along with a decrease in the maximum sodium permeability ('tonic block') the tertiary amine local anesthetics (LA), procaine and trimecain cause a drastic slowing of Na channel reactivation after membrane depolarization. This effect ("drug-induced slow Na inactivation") underlies a use-depend...

Hospital-acquired Legionnaires' disease is directly linked to the presence of Legionella in hospital drinking water. Disinfecting the drinking water system is an effective preventive measure. The efficacy of any disinfection measures should be validated in a stepwise fashion from laboratory assessment to a controlled multiple-hospital evaluation over a prolonged period of time. In this review, ...

The predominant nitrosamine observed in drinking water is N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). NDMA may be formed via a nitrosation mechanism when sufficient nitrite is present and chlorine is primarily in the form of hypochlorous acid (HOCl). However, NDMA is typically not formed in the presence of free chlorine. NDMA may also be formed via a non-nitrosation mechanism in the presence of chloramines....