The instrumental variable (IV) approach is a widely used way to estimate the causal effects of treatment on an outcome interest from observational data with latent confounders. A standard IV expected be related and independent all other variables in system. However, it challenging search for directly due strict conditions. conditional (CIV) method has been proposed allow instrument conditioning...

Statistical network models based on Pairwise Markov Random Fields (PMRFs) are popular tools for analyzing multivariate psychological data, in large part due to their perceived role generating insights into causal relationships: a practice known as discovery the modeling literature. However, since not presented tools, they play is poorly understood among empirical researchers. In this paper, we ...