The basal ganglia are more highly interconnected with the pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPN) than with any other brain region. Regulation and relay of basal ganglia activity are two key functions of the PPN. The PPN provides an interface for the basal ganglia to influence sleep and waking, and the two structures are similarly implicated in learning, reward and other cognitive functions. P...

Computed tomographic (CT) findings of cerebral and cerebellar calcification are described in three American adults with raised serum lead levels and known exposure to lead for 30 or more years. Calcification patterns were punctiform, curvilinear, speck-like, and diffuse and were found in the subcortical area, basal ganglia, vermis, and cerebellum. Admission serum lead levels ranged from 54 to 7...

OBJECTIVES To describe wake-sleep and body core temperature (t degrees ) rhythm abnormalities in two patients with bilateral paramedian thalamic calcifications. METHODS Patients underwent (18F)FDG PET scans and 24 hour polygraphic recordings of wake-sleep and t degrees. RESULTS PET showed bilateral thalamic hypometabolism in both patients with additional basal ganglia or mesiolateral fronta...

Basal ganglia calcifications (BGC) may be present in various medical conditions, such as infections, metabolic, psychiatric and neurological diseases, associated with different etiologies and clinical outcomes, including parkinsonism, psychosis, mood swings and dementia. A literature review was performed highlighting the main neuropsychological findings of BGC, with particular attention to clin...

A 38-year-old male patient was admitted to our outpatient department because of frequency and urgency incontinence. During evaluation it was detected that the patient was suffering from frequency which was progressive for one year, feeling of incontinence, and urgency incontinence. There was no urologic pathology detected in patient's medical and family history. Neurologic consultation was requ...

INTRODUCTION Hypoparathyroidism is an entity associated with hypocalcemia, more frequently a consequence of neck surgery. An autoimmune etiology is rare and its diagnosis difficult to establish. CLINICAL REPORT 52 year-old woman, with irrelevant past medical history and no significant familial conditions, referred because of hypocalcemia and basal ganglia calcifications, detected in the cours...

Bilateral traumatic hemorrhage of the basal ganglia is an extremely rare neuropathologic entity. Bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage secondary to blast injury has not described before. We report a case with bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage secondary to explosion.