Peripheral opioid analgesia is increased substantially after inflammation. We evaluated the hypothesis that an inflammatory mediator, bradykinin (BK), evokes functional competence of the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) for inhibiting trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons. We also evaluated whether BK evokes trafficking of the DOR to the plasma membrane. Rat TG cultures were pretreated with BK (10...

The number of 88 rats was chosen, after 21 days, they were ablactated and categorized them as following groups:
 control group 1 has a cage 8 in social condition. After 6 weeks saline injection (1mg / kg), the yawning behavior is recorded for 60 minutes. Group 2 conditions receiving ethanol months, each serving 600 mg kg. 3 isolation without treatment with agonist antagonist, Opioid alcoho...

Cebranopadol (trans-6'-fluoro-4',9'-dihydro-N,N-dimethyl-4-phenyl-spiro[cyclohexane-1,1'(3'H)-pyrano[3,4-b]indol]-4-amine) is a novel analgesic nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide (NOP) and opioid receptor agonist [Ki (nM)/EC50 (nM)/relative efficacy (%): human NOP receptor 0.9/13.0/89; human mu-opioid peptide (MOP) receptor 0.7/1.2/104; human kappa-opioid peptide receptor 2.6/17/67; human delta-opi...

Kappa-opioid receptor agonists have been shown to reduce intraocular pressure in rabbits and monkeys. This study was designed to investigate mechanisms in the iris-ciliary body (ICB) that may be involved in bremazocine (BRE)-induced ocular hypotension in New Zealand White rabbits. Using ICBs, BRE and norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI), relatively selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist and antagonist...

In the present study, the effects of intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) receptor agonist and antagonist on antinociception inducced by morphine were investigated with formalin test in rat. Intracuneiformis nucleus microinjection of morphine (10µgr/rat) and Bicuculline (50, 100 ng/rat) induced antinociception in the both first and second phases of formali...

Activation of micro-opioid receptors makes animals hyperphagic and increases their preference for a high-fat diet. Previous studies have suggested that this receptor population plays a role in mediating the hyperphagia that is associated with food deprivation. In this paper, we tested the hypothesis that food deprivation will increase the expression of micro-opioid receptors in the ventral medi...

Naltrexone (NTX) exhibited approximately 3-fold higher affinity for sites labeled by [3H]U69,593 (putative kappa 1-selective ligand) than [3H]bremazocine (non-selective ligand) in the presence of mu and delta receptor blockade in monkey brain membranes. This led us to test an hypothesis that NTX could display in vivo antagonist selectivity for kappa 1-versus non-kappa 1-mediated effects. Six op...

Pruritus (itch sensation) is the most common side effect associated with spinal administration of morphine given to humans for analgesia. A variety of agents have been proposed as antipruritics with poorly understood mechanisms and they are effective with variable success. kappa-Opioid agonists possess several actions that are opposite to micro -opioid agonists. We proposed to investigate the r...