Behaviour of systems is described by formal languages: the sets of all sequences of actions. Regarding abstraction, alphabetic language homomorphisms areion, alphabetic language homomorphisms are used to compute abstract behaviours. To avoid loss of important information when moving to the abstract level, abstracting homomorphisms have to satisfy a certain property called simplicity on the conc...

Several new observations which lead to new correctness proofs of two known algorithms (Hu-Tucker and Garsia-Wachs) for construction of optimal alphabetic trees are presented. A generalized version of the Garsia-Wachs algorithm is given. Proof of this generalized version works in a structured and illustrative way and clari es the usually poorly-understood behavior of both the Hu-Tucker and Garsi...

The similarity of the letters in the Latin alphabet has been measured numerous times using a variety of methodologies and stimuli. We provide a comprehensive review of past attempts to construct similarity spaces of the Latin alphabet, and determine that accuracy has frequently been attributed to a subset of three common sources: perceivability, bias, and similarity. We present the results of t...

BACKGROUND We evaluate the effectiveness of three theoretically motivated programmes for the teaching of reading to four-year-old children. METHOD Four hundred and ten children, of pre-kindergarten age, in 20 UK Reception-year classrooms were divided into four matched groups and randomly assigned to one of three experimental teaching conditions, Reading with Rhyme, Reading with Phoneme, Readi...

Life and language are discrete combinatorial systems (DCSs) in which the basic building blocks are finite sets of elementary units: nucleotides or codons in a DNA sequence and letters or words in a language. Different combinations of these finite units give rise to potentially infinite numbers of genes or sentences. This type of DCS can be represented as an Alphabetic Bipartite Network (α-BiN) ...

This paper presents an investigation of the entropy of the Telugu script. Since this script is syllabic, and not alphabetic, the computation of entropy is somewhat complicated.

This paper presents a novel approach for Arabic root generation and lexicon development. The approach provides three algorithms; in the first algorithm Arabic word root is generated using the concept of permutation and combination, the root generator algorithm generates roots by applying permutations to the Arabic alphabetic letters. Then, the second algorithm is used for developing difference ...

Reading is mediated by parallel and widely distributed modular systems. There are, therefore, multiple loci in these systems where dysfunction may lead to developmental dyslexia. However, most normal children learn to read using the alphabetic system. Learning to use this system requires awareness that words are comprised of a system of speech sounds (phonological awareness) and the knowledge o...

The ability to process and identify visual words requires efficient orthographic processing of print, consisting of letters in alphabetic languages or characters in Chinese. The N170 is a robust neural marker for orthographic processes. Both genetic and environmental factors, such as home literacy, have been shown to influence orthographic processing at the behavioral level, but their relative ...