The application of vesicular system in drug delivery has changed the definitions of diagnosis and treatment in different aspects of biomedical field. The vesicular system as liposomes, niosomes, sphinosomes, transferosomes and pharmacosomes are used to improve the therapeutic index of both existing and new drug molecules by encapsulating an active medicament inside vesicular structure in one su...

Glutamate transport into synaptic vesicles is a prerequisite for its regulated neurosecretion. Here we functionally identify a second isoform of the vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2) that was previously identified as a plasma membrane Na+-dependent inorganic phosphate transporter (differentiation-associated Na+/P(I) transporter). Studies using intracellular vesicles from transiently tran...

Cendawan mutualistik akar bermanfaat meningkatkan keanekaragaman hayati dan aktivitas biologis tanah, memperbaiki struktur kapasitas menahan air, pertukaran kation mendorong pertumbuhan hasil tanaman pertanian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi cendawan rhizosfer (Trichoderma sp, Aspergillus sp. Hitam, Hijau) Mikoriza Vesicular Arbuscular (MVA) terhadap produksi jagung...

The endoplasmic reticulum is traditionally perceived as the key compartment for regulating intracellular cholesterol metabolism. Increasing evidence suggests that the endocytic pathway provides an additional regulatory level governing intracellular cholesterol trafficking and homoeostasis. Sterols can enter, and apparently also exit, endosomal compartments via both vesicular and non-vesicular m...

Vesicular transporters regulate the amount and type of neurotransmitter sequestered into synaptic vesicles and, hence, the kind of signal transmitted to postsynaptic neurons. Glutamate is the prominent excitatory neurotransmitter in retina; GABA and glycine are the main inhibitory neurotransmitters. Little is known about the ontogeny of vesicular neurotransmission in retina. We investigated exp...

Bai, Liqun, Xiaohong Zhang, and Fayez K. Ghishan. Characterization of vesicular glutamate transporter in pancreatic and -cells and its regulation by glucose. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 284: G808–G814, 2003. First published November 20, 2002; 10.1152/ajpgi.00333. 2002.—Glutamate has been suggested to play an important role in the release of insulin and glucagon from pancreatic cells...