BACKGROUND Studies investigating the association of cadmium and sex steroid hormones in men have been inconsistent, but previous studies were relatively small. METHODS In a nationally representative sample of 1,262 men participating in the morning examination session of phase I (1998-1991) of the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, creatinine corrected urinary cadmium and ...

OBJECTIVES To study the effect of passive cigarette smoking on plasma oxidative and antioxidative status in passive smoking preschool children and to compare them with controls. METHODS Thirty-four passive smoking (five to 50 cigarettes per day) preschool children (study group) and 32 controls who had never been exposed to cigarette smoke were randomly chosen from children aged from 4 to 6 ye...

Mother's and infant exposure to cigarette smoke is one of the most important public health problems. There is no study in Iran evaluating the impact of cigarette smoke on infant growth and development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of cigarette. This prospective cohort study was conducted on 51 cigarette smoke-exposed infants (exposed group) and 51 non-exposed infants (...

The habit of smoking is usually acquired at a young age and it is particularly undesirable in individuals with diabetes. A study was carried out to assess objectively the prevalence of smoking in young patients with diabetes and whether younger age at onset of diabetes (implying exposure to health education) reduced the incidence of smoking. Ninety nine young adults with diabetes attending the ...

Cigarette smoke is a known source of exposure to carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). Exposure to BaP in cigarette smoke is influenced by how a person smokes and factors, such as tobacco blend. To determine whether sustained use of reduced-nicotine cigarettes is associated with changes in exposure to nicotine and BaP, levels of BaP in spent ciga...

We evaluated the association between exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) from husbands who smoke and plasma levels of antioxidant vitamins among nonsmoking women. A total of 1249 women from four areas in Italy answered a self-administered questionnaire, reported their diets on a food frequency questionnaire, had a medical examination, and gave their blood for and -carotene, retinol, L...

OBJECTIVES To assess counseling to caregivers and classroom health education interventions to reduce environmental tobacco smoke exposure of children aged 5-6 years in China. METHODS In a randomized controlled trial in two preschools in Changsha, China, 65 children aged 5-6 years old and their smoker caregivers (65) were randomly assigned to intervention (n = 33) and control (no intervention)...

OBJECTIVE It has been difficult to determine the sources of U.S. dietary iodine. This study was designed to validate a self-administered questionnaire about dietary iodine sources. DESIGN We constructed a questionnaire to assess iodine intake in 46 healthy Boston-area adult volunteers. Questionnaire information was correlated with subjects' 24-hour food diaries. Spot morning urine cotinine (a...