The innate immune sensors, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs), can recognize not only exogenous pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), but also endogenous molecules created upon tissue injury, sterile inflammation, and degeneration. Endogenous ligands are called damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and include e...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of pattern recognition receptors that serve as a key part of the innate immune system. TLRs play a role in coordinating the organism's first line of defence against invading microbes or tissue injury. TLR-mediated inflammation is an important pathogenic link between innate immunity and a diverse panel of clinical disorders. Among these processes are cardi...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have emerged as one of the most important families of innate immune receptors for initiating inflammation and also for promoting adaptive immune responses. Recent studies have examined the ability of TLRs to promote antibody responses, including T-cell-dependent antibody responses. Initial study suggested that TLR stimulation promotes primarily an extrafollicular anti...

The family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) function as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that respond to a myriad of highly conserved ligands. These substrates include pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) for the recognition of invading pathogens, as well as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) for the recognition of endogenous tissue injury. While the functions of TLRs are d...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are important players in B-cell activation, maturation and memory and may be involved in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphomas. Accumulating studies show differential expression in this heterogeneous group of cancers. Stimulation with TLR specific ligands, or agonists of their ligands, leads to aberrant responses in the malignant B-cells. According to current data, TLR...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) activate distinct, yet overlapping sets of signaling molecules, leading to inflammatory responses to pathogens. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, present in all TLRs and TLR adapters, mediate protein interactions downstream of activated TLRs. A peptide library derived from TLR2 TIR was screened for inhibition of TLR2 signaling. Cell-permeable peptides derived...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation relies on biochemical recognition of microbial molecules and localization of the TLR within specific cellular compartments. Cell surface TLRs largely recognize bacterial membrane components, and intracellular TLRs are exclusively involved in sensing nucleic acids. Here we show that TLR11, an innate sensor for the Toxoplasma protein profilin, is an intracellul...

Adrenal gland insufficiency - the clinical manifestation of deficient production or action of adrenal steroids - is a life-threatening disorder. Among many factors which can predispose to primary adrenal failure, an autoimmune adrenalitis and infectious agents play a major role. The initial host defense against bacterial infections is executed primarily by the pattern recognition receptors, e.g...

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a member of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens through the pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) recognition and play an essential role in the host defense. TLRs can also sense a large number of endogenous molecules with the damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that are produced under various injurious conditions. Animal stud...

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling has been implicated in the inflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). Such inflammatory signals mediate complex interactions between commensal bacteria and TLRs and are required for IEC proliferation, immune response, repair, and homeostasis. The upregulation of certain TLRs in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues suggests that TLRs may play an e...