Discussions about social behavior are generally limited to fitness effects of interactions occurring between conspecifics. However, many fitness relevant interactions take place between individuals belonging to different species. Our detailed knowledge about the role of hormones in intraspecific interactions provides a starting point to investigate how far interspecific interactions are governe...

This paper explains the transformation of Pancasila as an institution that governs state religion relations in Indonesia. Why has Pancasila been stable at the national level but discontinuous at the subnational level since Indonesia’s democratic transition and decentralization? By tracing Pancasila’s history back to its origin, this paper demonstrates that territorial interest has been an impor...

This study simulates the evolution of artificial economies in order to understand the tax relevance of administrative boundaries in the quality of life of its citizens. The modeling involves the construction of a computational algorithm, which includes citizens, bounded into families; firms and governments; all of them interacting in markets for goods, labor and real estate. The real estate mar...

Abstract Non-international armed conflict between States and organised groups is a reality of warfare. Since the emergence 1949 Geneva Conventions, this form has been regulated by international humanitarian law. However, subset category known as ‘transnational conflict’ seen aggressive proliferation over recent decades such Islamic State Iraq Syria have taken advantage internet other technologi...

Systematic research on militarized conflict over territory has focused on militarized consequences, such as conflict severity or recurrence, while research on the management of territorial issues or on conflict management more generally has emphasized peaceful attempts to manage or settle claims. This paper compares the relative effectiveness of militarized and peaceful techniques for managing ...

Territorial Differences in Italian Students’ Mathematical Competencies: Evidence from PISA 2003 In this paper we investigate the existence and the size of territorial differences in Italian students’ mathematical competencies. Our analysis benefits from a new data set that merges the 2003 wave of the OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) with territorial data collected from...

We examined home range behavior of female feral pigs (Sus scrofa) in a heavily hunted population on Fort Benning Military Reservation in west-central Georgia, USA. We used Global Positioning System location data from 24 individuals representing 18 sounders (i.e., F social groups) combined with mark–recapture and camera-trap data to evaluate evidence of territorial behavior at the individual and...

Several species of territorial migratory birds exhibit sexual habitat segregation on their wintering grounds, with some habitats containing mostly males and others mostly females. The objective of this study was to determine if in the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) in Jamaica habitat segregation is due to social mechanisms or due to sex-specific habitat specialization. I used habitat-s...

Nonbreeding shorebirds often alternate social structure between anonymous flocks and territorial behavior in response to different environmental factors. To evaluate specific drivers for one species, we studied the spacing behavior of wintering Western Sandpipers (Calidris mauri) at Bahı́a Santa Maŕıa, northwestern Mexico, using behavioral observations. The density, population structure, and ter...