Maritime situation awareness is of importance in a lot of areas – e.g. detection of weapon smuggling in military peacekeeping operations, and harbor traffic control missions for the coast guard. In this paper, we have combined the use of Self Organizing Maps with Gaussian Mixture Models, in order to enable situation awareness by detecting deviations from normal behavior in an unsupervised way. ...

This paper develops a model of the black market for foreign exchange in which black market currency is demanded and supplied by tirms engaged in smuggling. It is demonstrated that quotas or foreign exchange rationing are not necessary to induce the coexistence of legal and black foreign exchange markets. Variants of the model analyze the implications of capital flight, unbalanced trade, quotas,...

Live animal smuggling presents a suite of conservation and biosecurity concerns, including the introduction invasive species diseases. Yet, understanding why certain are smuggled over others, predicting which will be smuggled, remains relatively unexplored. Here, we compared live reptile illegally to Australia (75 species) legal trade in United States. Almost all were found US pet market (74 sp...

This study aims to determine the government’s attempt address criminal action of smuggling protected wildlife that occurs through Indonesian territorial waters. Indonesia’s nature which is touted as Mega-Biodiversity by world not immune from crimes lead illegal trade wild animals. Not infrequently, this particular activity carried out sea one route. With development modes and cases threaten sur...

The aim of this paper is to present the elements criminal offense smuggling, which violates legally protected interests state. crime as a form professional crime, has adapted all changes, both domestically and internationally, become even more dangerous for economy, but also safety community whole. manner in smuggling carried out indicates that consists bringing in, taking out, goods domestic o...

Reliable methods are needed to detect the presence of tobacco components in tobacco products to effectively control smuggling and classify tariff and excise in tobacco industry to control illegal tobacco trade. In this study, two sensitive and specific DNA based methods, one quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay and the other loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay, were developed...

This study explores the history of the illegal production, distribution, and smuggling of cigarettes in mainland China. Data were obtained from a content analysis of 931 media reports retrieved from LexisNexis for the time period 1975 until 2010, and from other open sources. The illegal cigarette trade first emerged in the form of violations of state tobacco monopoly regulations. In the course ...

The purpose of the paper is to analyze reasons for persistence consumer smuggling in Soviet Russia / USSR during period New Economic Policy. study draws upon national and regional archives run by specific government departments as well statistical media sources. authors conclude that main reason trade was shortage goods, which caused a decrease imports reorientation manufacturing towards indust...