This paper introduces a novel bang–bang sliding control of a class of single-input bilinear systems. The sliding function is chosen via the well-known pole-assignment method for linear time-invariant systems. Importantly, the bang–bang sliding control generates a reaching-and-sliding region and a stable-sliding region, each expressed by a set of linear inequalities. Both regions comprise the eq...

Fractional transforms are useful tools for processing of non-stationary signals. The methods of implementing sliding discrete fractional Fourier transform (SDFRFT), sliding discrete fractional cosine transform (SDFRCT) and sliding discrete fractional sine transform (SDFRST) for real time processing of signals are presented. The performances of these sliding transforms, with regard to computatio...

An adaptive fuzzy integral sliding mode controller for mismatched time-varying linear systems is presented in this paper. The proposed fuzzy integral sliding mode controller is designed to have zero steady state system error under step inputs and alleviate the undesired chattering around the sliding surface. The parameters in the fuzzy mechanism are adapted on-line to improve the performance of...

Generating the complex waveforms characteristic of beating eukaryotic cilia and flagella requires spatial regulation of dynein-driven microtubule sliding. To generate bending, one prediction is that dynein arms alternate between active and inactive forms on specific subsets of doublet microtubules. Using an in vitro microtubule sliding assay combined with a structural approach, we determined th...

Neurons develop from small, spherical precursors into the largest, most asymmetric of all metazoan cells by extending thin axonal processes over enormous distances. Although the forces for this extension have been unclear, recent work shows that the initial axonal extension may involve an unexpected mechanism: sliding of microtubules, driven by a motor protein previously thought to be deployed ...

We highly purified the Chlamydomonas inner-arm dyneins e and c, considered to be single-headed subspecies. These two dyneins reside side-by-side along the peripheral doublet microtubules of the flagellum. Electron microscopic observations and single particle analysis showed that the head domains of these two dyneins were similar, whereas the tail domain of dynein e was short and bent in contras...

Eukaryotic flagella and cilia have attracted the attention of many researchers over the last century, since they are highly arranged organelles and show sophisticated bending movements. Two important cytoskeletal and motor proteins, tubulin and dynein, were first found and described in flagella and cilia. Half a century has passed since the discovery of these two proteins, and much information ...

This paper presents a neural network global PID-sliding mode control method for the tracking control of robot manipulators with bounded uncertainties. A certain sliding mode controller with PID sliding function is developed. In this controller, the switching gain is tuned by a RBF neural network on the reachable condition of sliding mode. Thus, the effect of chattering can be alleviated. Moreov...

A sliding mode control method is presented for linear multi-variable discrete-time systems, without introducing a discontinuous term to eliminate control chattering. Instead of a strong nonlinear function like switching introducing chattering problem in discrete-time, a linear control is designed around the sliding surface. Although not producing a strong acting control around the sliding surfa...

OBJECT To compare the Sliding with Non-sliding lag screw of a gamma nail in the treatment of A1 and A2 AO-OTA intertrochanteric fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS 80 patients were prospectively collected. In each group, AO/OTA 31-A were classified into group A. AO/OTA 31-A2.1 was classified as group B. We classified the A2.2 and A2.3 as group C. According to the set-screw locking formation of G...