A variety of hydrogels have been synthesized for controlling the release of signaling molecules in applications such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine. However, it remains challenging to synthesize hydrogels with the ability to control the release of signaling molecules sequentially or periodically under physiological conditions as living cells do in response to the variation of metabo...

Cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis leverage many regulatory agents, such as signaling molecules, transcription factors, RNA molecules. Among these, non-coding RNAs have emerged molecules that control multiple cancer types their pathologic properties. The human microRNA-211 (MIR211) is one molecule, which affects several types, including melanoma, glioblastoma, lung adenocarcinomas, ...

A variety of hydrogels have been synthesized for controlling the release of signaling molecules in applications such as drug delivery and regenerative medicine. However, it remains challenging to synthesize hydrogels with the ability to control the release of signaling molecules sequentially or periodically under physiological conditions as living cells do in response to the variation of metabo...

Abstract Roots provide the plant with water and nutrients anchor it in a substrate. Root development is controlled by hormones various sets of transcription factors. Recently, small peptides their cognate receptors have been identified as controlling root development. Small bind to membrane-localized receptor-like kinases, inducing dimerization co-receptor proteins for signaling activation givi...

Biochemical and genetics studies demonstrated the critical roles of phospholipid signaling and relevant molecules in regulating multiple processes of plant growth and development, signal transduction, mediating hormone effects and cell responses to environmental stimuli, through modulating protein subcellular localization, cross-talking with other signaling or metabolic pathways, or interacting...

objective: different signaling pathways have been identified that are involved in the cellular response to opiates. the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway is one of the most important signaling pathways underlying the neuronal response to opiates. micrornas (mirnas) are considered to be post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression with paramount significance, which plays key roles i...

backgroud: protein-protein interaction, plays a key role in signal transduction in signaling pathways. different approaches are used for prediction of these interactions including experimental and computational approaches. in conventional node-edge protein-protein interaction networks, we can only see which proteins interact but ‘structural networks’ show us how these proteins interact which ca...

low glucose condition induces neuronal cell-death via intracellular mechanisms including mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk) signaling pathways. it has been shown that low glucose medium decreases neuronal survival in cerebellar granule neurons (cgns). in this study, we have examined the activation of jnk, p38kinase and erk1/2 pathways in low glucose medium in cgns. the cgns were prepared ...

Background: Wnt molecules play a key role in growth, proliferation and development of some embryonic and adult organs as well as hematopoietic stem cells. Wnt signaling pathways are aberrantly activated in many tumor types, including solid tumors and hematologic malignancies. Objective: To investigate the expression profile of a large number of Wnt genes in leukemic cells from Iranian patients ...

Exosomes, as a mediator of cell-to-cell transfer of genetic information, act an important role in intercommunication between tumor cells and their niche including fibroblasts, endothelial cells, adipocytes and monocytes. Several studies have shown that tumor cells can influence their neighboring cells by releasing exosomes. These exosomes provide signaling cues for stimulation, activation, prol...