Escherichia coli ferments L-tartrate under anaerobic conditions in the presence of an additional electron donor to succinate. The carrier for L-tartrate uptake and succinate export and its relation to the general C4-dicarboxylate carriers DcuA, DcuB, and DcuC were studied. The secondary carrier TtdT, encoded by the ttdT (previously called ygjE) gene, is required for the uptake of L-tartrate. Th...

The basis for conducting bioequivalence studies is the determination of bioavailability active substance drug at its place action by establishing concentration in biological fluids using sensitive analytical techniques. bioanalytical technique used should provide reliable results which would lead to satisfactory level interpretation. To investigate rivastigmine preparations, an 8 times more meth...

Current reports on movement disorder adverse effects of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors only include extrapyramidal symptoms and myoclonus.Here is a case of an 81-year-old female Filipino with dementia who presented with first-onset generalized choreiform movements.The etiology of the clinical finding of dyskinesia was investigated through laboratories, neuroimaging, and electroencephalogram, a...

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), albeit highly effective in treating depression, is frequently associated with cognitive impairment, either temporary or more persistent. Especially in older patients, who generally respond even better, serious cognitive impairment during the course of ECT may lead to premature termination of ECT. Treatment of this cognitive impairment is of utmost importance. In...

The nitrogen-sparing effect of methionine, methionine sulphoxide, homocystine, cystine and choline was studied in rats by determining dialy N excretions during 5 d after changing from a high-protein diet to a protein-free diet, L-glutamic acid was used as a negative control. 2. L-, D- and DL-methionine were equally active in sparing N. L-methionine sulphoxide, DL-homocystine and L-cystine were ...

BACKGROUND Treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors improves cognition in patients with Alzheimer disease (AD). In studies designed with a washout period at the end of the study, after treatment with a cholinesterase inhibitor is discontinued, the cognitive benefits of therapy are no longer apparent following washout. The rivastigmine trials discussed in this article were not designed with a po...

Intra-abdominal hypertension may increase brain venous pressure, which may lead to brain injury. Elevated intracranial pressure causes encephalopathy and the risk of neuronal damage due to the sharp decrease in cerebral perfusion pressure. Increased intra-abdominal pressure (IIAP) modulates brain perfusion, induces hypoxic changes and impairs memory and other cognitive functions. Rivastigmine, ...

OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type in slowing down the disease's degenerative progression and the patients' cognitive impairment compared with rivastigmine. METHODS Total 56 patients aged 50-75 years, suffering from dementia, were allocated into one of the two treatments: group 1) Ginkgo biloba (120 mg daily dose); group 2) r...

Ischemic Heart Disease Metoprolol Tartrate Injection, USP, metoprolol tartrate USP is a selective beta adrenoreceptor blocking agent, available as 5 mLvials for intravenous administration. Each vial contains a sterile solution of metoprolol tartrate, 5 mg, and sodium chloride, 45 mg, and water for injection. Metoprolol tartrate is (±)1-(Isopropylamino)-3-[ -(2-methoxyethyl) phenoxy]-2-propanol ...