BACKGROUND The Federal excise tax was increased for tobacco products on April 1, 2009. While excise tax rates prior to the increase were the same for roll-your-own (RYO) and pipe tobacco, the tax on pipe tobacco was $21.95 per pound less than the tax on RYO tobacco after the increase. Subsequently, tobacco manufacturers began labeling loose tobacco as pipe tobacco and marketing these products t...

Tubular products in pipe mills are produced by different methods in wide range of sizes and materials for various applications . From simple ERW steel tubes to high quality and expensive seamless tubes, depending on the application, different NDT techniques are used extensively. All these tests are implemented to fulfil the required specification or standard as well as for condition monitoring ...

In the present study, an unlooped pulating heat pipe has been considered with two liquid slugs and three neighboirng vapor plugs.The governing equations such as momentum, energy and mass equations are solved explicitly except the energy equation of liquid slugs.The aim of the present study is to calculate the entropy generation through the performance of a pulsating heat pipe. Additionally, the...

This paper presents a numerical investigation of two horizontally mounted four-lobed swirl pipes in terms of swirl induction effectiveness into flows passing through them. The swirl flows induced by the two swirl pipes have the potential to improve the efficiency of Clean-In-Place procedures in a closed processing system by local intensification of hydrodynamic impact on the internal pipe surfa...

We study the Riemann problem for isothermal ow of a gas in a thin pipe with a kink in it. This is modeled by a 22 system of conservation laws with Dirac measure sink term concentrated at the location of the bends in the pipe. We show that the Riemann problem for this system of equations always has a unique solution, given an extra condition relating the speeds on both sides of the kink. Further...

What trajectory in the laboratory frame does a marble follow if it is held inside a freely rotating pipe and then suddenly released so that it can slide frictionlessly outward along the pipe? A previously published solution is only valid for a pipe of small moment of inertia (so that it is either low in mass or short in length). IOP