Research on chlorine-free conversions of P4 into organophosphorus compounds (OPCs) has a long track record, but methods that allow desirable, direct P-C bond formations have only recently emerged. These include the use of metal organyls, carbenes, carboradicals, and photochemical approaches. The versatile product scope enables the preparation of both industrially relevant organophosphorus compo...

Many organophosphorus compounds are irreversible inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. The methods used in the literature to determine the inhibition kinetic constants usually involve either manual determination of the slope at various points along the inhibition progress curve or fitting polynomials to the curve. The present study investigates the use of non-linear-regression analysis to determi...

Rationale Fungicide applications are a necessary practice to discourage disease development in most high quality turfgrass areas. Little is known, however, about the effects that fungicides have on resident microbial community of the soils supporting turfgrass sites. Soil bacteria are responsible for important processes including pesticide degradation, nutrient cycling, and organic matter break...

Bioassays using pellets of agar, thatch-agar and turfgrass-agar were developed using benzimidazole-sensitive Penicillium expansum, to detect the fungicide methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (MBC) which is the major fungitoxic degradation product of benomyl [methyl 1-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate] in thatch and turfgrass clippings. These bioassays were used to estimate the amount of f...

Fludioxonil is a fungicide with a singular mode of action that is widely employed in the treatment of fruit crops. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) has been developed and validated for the determination of residues of this fungicide in fruit juices. A collection of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the fungicide fludioxonil has been produced and characterized using di...

Two bioassay methods were modified to evaluate persistence, adsorption and biological availability of the fungicide benomyl in soil. The amount of biologically-available fungicide was assayed using the fungus Penicillium expansum Link ex Gray. The bioassay results were not significantly different from those obtained by spectrophotometry. The bioassays detected methyl 2-benzimidazole carbamate (...

The fungicide benomyl inhibited spore germination and hyphal length of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae when applied at doses of 21.25 microg/ml (agronomic dose), 10.62 microg/ml and 10 microg/ml. G. mosseae was able to germinate in the presence of 2.12 microg/ml of benomyl, and the percentage of spore germination was unaffected by dosis of 0.1, 0.01 and 0.001 microg/ml of the f...

The aquatic ecotoxic profile of the fungicide pyrimethanil and its acute and chronic thermal dependence in two aquatic invertebrates Chironomus riparius and Daphnia magna were investigated. The ecotoxicity of pyrimethanil at optimal thermal conditions did not depend on the trophic level, but was species-specific. The acute pyrimethanil-toxicity on C. riparius increased with higher temperature. ...

Herein, we explore the potential use of two micelle-forming block copolymers, i.e., Pluronic F-127 and poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(caprolactone), for application of fungicide agents. The polymer effect on the in vitro fungicide activity of a series of geranyl orcinol derivatives against Botrytis cinerea has been assessed. The results show that, for all test compounds, the incorporation into mic...

The dithiocarbamate fungicide mancozeb is used extensively around the world for control of foliar diseases. Initial yield decline research in the early 1990s investigated soil application of fungicides for the amelioration of poor root health in sugarcane. Experiments in both the glasshouse and field have since shown that root health and plant growth improve dramatically following mancozeb appl...