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The materials obtained during the work on complex of mausoleums Golden Horde era near village Lapas in Astrakhan region by Volga archaeological expedition led V.V. Dvornichenko 1995 – 1997 are introduced into scientific circulation. These were first studies largest cult nobility, little known community. It was then that idea true size, composition and potential monument, its significance cultur...

This article aims to show the evolution of civil consciousness nobility in Grand Duchy Lithuania within Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. text focuses on analysis results instructions (in a modern sense) Belarusian deputies 1630s and 1640s. Particular emphasis is put studying contexts references such concepts as ‘the Commonwealth’, ‘Fatherland’, ‘nation’, ‘Union’. The concludes that union state p...

The attitude of aristocratic society to its monarch is an integral part political culture. relationship between the privileged section population and king was formed as a result activity former. article analyzes nobility three Sejmiks Ruthenian Voivodeship toward Michael I. source for this study formulas respect contained in instructions ambassadors Diet (Sejm) 1669-1673. Mentioning thanking ma...

The widespread ennoblement of the Spanish bourgeoisie in the sixteenth century has been traditionally considered one of the main causes of Iberian decline. I document and quantify the surge in ennoblement through a new time series of nobility cases preserved in the Archive of the Royal Chancery Court of Valladolid and use the insights provided by lawsuits from several localities to model the re...

Introduction Pharmacy and medicine belong to the oldest human activities, so the development of these sciences is closely related to the socio-economic, cultural and religious opportunities of the nations within which they have been developing. Goals To present the historical influence of pharmacy on the development of the human being from its very beginning; To present the historical link be...