BACKGROUND Neuroinflammation regulates both disease pathogenesis and repair in multiple sclerosis. In early multiple sclerosis lesion development, neuroinflammation causes demyelination and axonal injury, the likely final common determinant of disability. Here we report the identification of a novel neuroinflammatory mediator, Disabled-2 (Dab2). Dab2 is an intracellular adaptor protein with pre...

In recent years, many studies indicate that children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis have brain pathology suggestive of ongoing neuroinflammation or encephalitis in different regions of their brains. Evidence of neuroinflammation or encephalitis in ASD includes: microglial and astrocytic activation, a unique and elevated proinflammatory profile of cytokines, and aberrant expres...

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, marked by senile plaques composed of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal loss and neuroinflammation. Previous works have suggested that systemic inflammation could contribute to neuroinflammation and enhanced Aβ cerebral concentrations. The molecular pathways leading to these events are not fully understood. PKR is ...

Inflammation eliminates pathogenic infections while also threatening the integrity of the central nervous system. In this study, using in vivo and in vitro models of acute neuroinflammation, we investigated the mechanisms by which inflammation and astrocytes affect neuronal apoptosis. The in vitro model mimicked acute neuroinflammation by incubation in IFN-γ-containing media with primary cultur...

one of the most serious neurodegenerative disorders is alzheimer disease (ad). as the population is aging and due to the fact that ad is more common in aged people, more attention must be paid to this disease. one of the main characteristics of ad is dementia which starts with loss of short term memory, then progresses and causes various brain dysfunctions such as loss of long term memory. inte...

Alzheimer’s disease is an important public concern with rising prevalence across the globe. While many therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease have been developed, there are currently no validated disease-modifying treatments. Thus, in order to develop novel treatment strategies, there is a significant need to progress our understanding of the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Several...

Neuroinflammation is a highly reactive response that has not been addressed due to its complexity. Some of molecular pathways, such as glycosylation, have neglected in the past. Despite intricacy and diversity glycome, there an increased interest this field study, which resulted fostering advances glycobiology glycochemistry. These supported emergence new class glyco-engineered approaches, biom...

Neuroinflammation is a constant event in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the current knowledge is insufficient to state whether inflammation is a cause, a promoter, or simply a secondary phenomenon in this inexorably progressive ailment. In the current paper, we review research data showing that inflammation is not a prerequisite for onset of dementia, and, although it may worsen the course of th...

Human studies and preclinical models of Parkinson's disease implicate the involvement of both the innate and adaptive immune systems in disease progression. Further, pro-inflammatory markers are highly enriched near neurons containing pathological forms of alpha synuclein (α-syn), and α-syn overexpression recapitulates neuroinflammatory changes in models of Parkinson's disease. These data sugge...

Neuroinflammation induced by beta-amyloid (Aβ) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), and inhibiting Aβ-induced neuroinflammation serves as a potential strategy for the treatment of AD. Oridonin (Ori), a compound of Rabdosia rubescens, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we demonstrated that Ori inhibited glial activation and decreas...