The construction and interpretation of gene trees is fundamental in molecular systematics. If the gene is defined in a historical (coalescent) sense, there can be multiple gene trees within the single contiguous set of nucleotides, and attempts to construct a single tree for such a sequence must deal with homoplasy created by conflict among divergent histories. On a larger scale, incongruence i...

The Chinese species complex of Hygrophorus russula in subsection Clitocyboides has been studied. Three new species, H. orientalis, qinggangjun, and yunnanensis were proposed based on morphology, molecular systematics, chemical reactions. qinggangjun occur at high elevations Yunnan China; orientalis widely distributes low East Asia. At present, seven taxa have revealed the complex, a key to thes...

Abstract A recent discovery of freshwater sponges in an unexplored hydrographic basin north-western Australia provided the opportunity to investigate genus Corvospongilla Annandale (Spongillida: Spongillidae) using integrative systematics. Emendation diagnosis is provided. comparative analysis a global dataset morphological traits together with biogeographic patterns disclosed new Australasian ...