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Unlike any other living cell, the mature erythrocyte is unable to divide and synthesize proteins. It must therefore sustain a relatively long life (about 100 days) without renewing its stock of enzymes. If this stock is genetically altered the red cell will be more likely than any other to suffer. Also the metabolic pathways are greatly simplified in the red cell as its essential metabolites ar...

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The regulation of K transport across the red blood cell (RBC) membrane by haemoglobin (Hb) conformation was studied in carp, and the K transport mechanisms were identified. When a large proportion of Hb in the R quaternary structure was secured by oxygenation of blood at pH8.14, a net RBC K efflux was induced, which was accompanied by RBC shrinkage. This K efflux was resistant to ouabain and in...

Flower-N is a flowering stimulant composition with 22% nitrobenzene. The main systemic effect associated with human exposure to nitrobenzene is methaemoglobinaemia. A 25-year-old female presented after 3 hours following ingestion of 100 ml of 22% Nitrobenzene (Flower-N). Her initial methaemoglobin (MetHb) was 81%; this responded to methylene blue. However, she developed recurrent methaemoglobin...

Climate warming is a threat of imminent concern that may exacerbate the impact nitrate pollution on fish fitness. These stressors can individually affect aerobic capacity and stress tolerance fish. In combination, they interact in unexpected ways where exposure to one stressor heighten or reduce resilience another their interactive effects not be uniform across species. Here, we examined how un...

Multi-wavelength photometers, blood gas analysers and pulse oximeters are widely used to measure various oxygen-related quantities. The definitions of these quantities are not always correct. This paper gives insight in the various definitions for oxygen quantities. Furthermore, the possible influences of dyshaemoglobins and fetal haemoglobin on the accuracy of pulse oximetry are discussed. As ...