The article describes changes in the structure, leaves, (including mesophyll structure of midrib, distribution stomata, and number vascular bundles) Malus during growing season (from June to August) under influence prolonged drought. leaves anatomy morphology were investigated by methods light scanning electron microscopy. study was carried out on four representatives genus Malus: M. niedzwetzk...

In a deregulated insurance market, insurance carriers have an incentive to be innovative in their pricing decisions by segmenting their portfolios and designing new bonus-malus systems (BMS). This paper examines the evolution of market shares and claim frequencies in a two-company market, when one insurer breaks off the existing stability by introducing a super-discount class in its BMS. Severa...

To develop apple proliferation (AP) resistant rootstocks, a breeding program was initiated in 2001 employing apomictic Malus sieboldii and M. sieboldii-derived hybrids as donors of the resistance trait and mainly standard apple rootstock Malus x domestica cv. M9 as donor of agronomic values. Examination of the experimentally inoculated progeny of seven crossings made in 2001 and 2002 over a per...

Apple (Malus × domestica) accumulates bioactive ursane-, oleanane-, and lupane-type triterpenes in its fruit cuticle, but their biosynthetic pathway is still poorly understood. We used a homology-based approach to identify and functionally characterize two new oxidosqualene cyclases (MdOSC4 and MdOSC5) and one cytochrome P450 (CYP716A175). The gene expression patterns of these enzymes and of pr...

This study focuses on the morphological and genetic characteristics of European crab apple (Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill.) occurrence hybrids in its populations. We analyzed a total 107 putative trees Slovenia: 92 from nine natural populations, five seed stand 10 unnatural origin. also included 18 domesticated × domestica Borkh.) two Japanese flowering (Malusfloribunda van Houtte) as outliers. Th...

Fire blight, caused by epiphytotic gram-negative bacteria Erwinia amylovora, is the most destructive bacterial disease of apple (Malus spp.). Genetic mechanisms fire blight resistance have mainly been studied using traditional biparental quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping approaches. Here, we use large-scale historic shoot and blossom data collected over multiple years genotyping-by-sequenci...