Abstract Hong Kong’s ‘trilingual and biliterate’ language policy (TaB, 三語兩文 ) is almost as old the special administrative region (SAR) itself. Through free education support measures in school, students are expected to be conversant English Putonghua addition Cantonese, able read understand written Chinese English. After being implemented for over two decades, however, there signs that most stu...

Academic writing centres in non-Anglophone countries navigate language policies that encourage the development of local languages and English within multilingual university settings. These entail diverging ideologies connect use to diversification standardisation aims. Although are stakeholders academic therefore participants policy process, their role agency this process has been neglected. Th...

This study examines the language practices in educational settings Pakistan, taking multilingual groupings society into account. In each province is linked to single or multiple identities of its people and languages spoken by majority. The national Urdu limited function as a lingua franca. English serves authority, offices, settings. Through discourse-ethnographic analysis, this individual joi...

Language shift reversal (LSR) is defined as a change in progress affecting Spanish language use along the US-Mexicoborder and some other extendedareasof the country during the past few decades. LSR is contrasted with reversing language shift (RLS), the result of official language policy and planning. Samples of LSR in San Diego County are presented in connection with reactions towards bilingual...

English language teaching (ELT) in Iran has experienced a turbulent history reflecting an often dynamic context and changing attitudes toward English, yet framed within a discourse of tolerance rather than one of embrace, as this study is going to show. The discourse was much brighter before the Islamic Revolution and this study reveals that there were much fewer adverse policies toward the spr...