In an open channel, the transformation from a supercritical flow into a subcritical flow is a rapidly varied flow with large turbulent fluctuations, intense air entrainment, and substantial energy dissipation called a hydraulic jump. New experiments were conducted to quantify its fluctuating characteristics in terms of free-surface and two-phase flow properties for a wide range of Froude number...

The stem xylem conduit dimensions and hydraulic conductivity of chrysanthemum plants (Dendranthema x grandiflorum Tzvelev cv. Cassa) were analysed and quantified. Simple exponential relations describe conduit length distribution, height dependency of conduit length distribution, and height dependency of stem hydraulic conductivity. These mathematical descriptions can be used to model the xylem ...

The model of West, Brown and Enquist showed that total hydraulic resistance in trees can be independent of path length, provided that vascular conduits taper sufficiently. This model assumes that the tree branch network is volume-filling, so that segment lengths increase exponentially from tree top to base. We show that partial buffering of hydraulic resistance from path-length effects can occu...

The adaptation of existing dams is paramount importance to face the challenge posed by climate change and new legal frameworks. Thus, it crucial optimize design stilling basins reduce hydraulic jump dimensions without jeopardizing energy dissipation in structure. A numerical model was developed simulate a US Bureau Reclamation Type II basin. validated with specifically designed physical then us...