SAP (SH2D1A) is required intrinsically in CD4 T cells to generate germinal center responses and long-term humoral immunity. SAP binds to SLAM family receptors, including SLAM, CD84, and Ly108 to enhance cytokine secretion and sustained T cell:B cell adhesion, which both improve T follicular helper (Tfh) cell aid to germinal center (GC) B cells. To understand the overlapping roles of multiple SL...

Somatic hypermutation is the most critical mechanism underlying the diversification of Ig genes. Although mutation occurs specifically in B cells during the germinal center reaction, it remains a matter of debate whether the mutation machinery also targets non-Ig genes. We have studied mutations in the 5' noncoding region of the Bcl6 gene in different subtypes of lymphomas. We found frequent hy...

The affinity of antibodies (Abs) produced in vivo for their target antigens (Ags) is typically well below the maximum possible. Nearly 25 years ago, Foote and Eisen explained how an 'affinity ceiling' could arise from constraints associated with acquisition soluble antigen by B cells. However, recent studies have shown that cells germinal centers (where Ab maturation occurs) acquire Ag not form...

In this study, the histochemical effects of Brodifacoum, an anticoagulant used against rodents, on spleen are examined under a light microscope using CD4 and CD8 staining methods. A single dose 0.2 mg Brodifacoum was dissolved in Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO) given orally to mature male rats. Spleen samples were collected ether anesthesia after 24 h, 72 14 days, 30 days from rats experimental group...

The developmental stage at which nerve cells initially express specific neurotransmitters and their corresponding receptors remains elusive. In the present study, the distribution patterns of transcripts for the GABA-synthesizing enzyme, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD,,), and specific GABA, receptor subunits were examined in the proliferative zone of the rat central nervous system using in situ h...

Abstract Memory phenotype (MP) CD4 T cells that develop in the absence of overt antigen stimulation are important for both innate and adaptive immune responses. Although pathogen specific MP have been found to function effectively against infection, it is not known if Tfh can also be developed stimulation. Here, we demonstrate In addition FR4+, a mark induced memory cells, expressed high levels...