Recommendations on the proper use of CFD for the prediction of pedestrian winds are presented. They are restricted to statistically steady turbulent flows modelled by the RANS equations and based on a comprehensive literature review. Furthermore, only aspects of the boundary conditions and the numerical parameters which influence the accuracy of the solutions are addressed.

Observations over the past decade have verified, beyond reasonable doubt, that most galactic nuclei contain massive black holes. Hole masses are being measured and firm evidence for spin is being sought. Attention is now returning to the study of how gas flows around black holes and how energy is released both from the accreting gas and from the hole itself in the form of radiation, relativisti...

Southern Greenland is characterized by a number of low-level high wind speed weather systems that are the result of topographic flow distortion. These systems include barrier winds and katabatic flow that occur along its southeast coast. Global atmospheric reanalyses have proven to be important tools in furthering our understanding of these orographic winds and their role in the climate system....

Distributed generation (DG) systems have attracted increased interest due to ever increasing energy consumption, rising public awareness of environmental protection, and steady progress in power deregulation. Different renewable energy sources in the distribution system are integrated through an AC bus. Dynamic models for the main system components, namely, wind energy conversion system (WECS),...

The detailed mesoscale climatology of surface winds in the Chukchi–Beaufort Seas and adjacent Arctic Slope region is analyzed using the recently developed Chukchi–Beaufort High-Resolution Atmospheric Reanalysis (CBHAR).Within the study area, surface winds are mainly driven by the prevailing synoptic weather patterns of the Beaufort high andAleutian low and are further modulated by local geograp...

A global, time-dependent, threedimensional, coupled ionosphere-thermosphere model is used to predict the spatial distribution of non-thermal plasma in the F-layer. It is shown that, even for steady-state conditions with Kp as low as 3, the difference between the ion and neutral velocities often exceeds the neutral thermal speed by a factor, D', which can be as large as 4. Theoretically, highly ...

Received: 25 October 2013 Revised: 9 January 2015 Accepted: 15 January 2015 Online publication date: 2 April 2015 Abstract Extending existing international business (IB) research, we conceptualize shared social identity as an outcome rather than only an antecedent of multinational enterprise knowledge flows to provide an alternative reason for why such knowledge flows occur. We further argue th...

Remanufacturing is an industrial process where used products are restored to useful life. This dissertation describes how products can be designed to facilitate the remanufacturing process. It also describes how the remanufacturing processes can be improved to be more efficient. When comparing remanufacturing with other end-of-life scenarios, it is hard from an environmental perspective to dete...

Surface currents in the Gulf of Maine (GoM) are complex and variable. However, the coastal circulation patterns in spring and summer are dominated by the Gulf of Maine Coastal Current system that flows cyclonically from Nova Scotia to Cape Cod. After the spring freshet and prior to the fall overturn, the GMCC has two major branches, the Eastern Maine Coastal Current (EMCC) that flows southwestw...

Topics covered: 1. Conceptual framework – agents of pattern formation. 2. Abiotic factors – geology, geomorphology, hydrology, soils. 3. Climatic factors – temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, meteorology. 4. Climate-landform effects on vegetation pattern, ecological flows, disturbance regimes and geomorphological processes. 5. Resource management implications – climate change scenarios...