the present article on the ancient science of medicine, studies on one hand the emergence of this science and on the other hand its development and compilation. the article also researches the development of medicine in islam, muslim medics and islamic universities in which this science has been taught. finally the article discusses the history of medicine after the emergence of islam in iran.

Background: Methylphenidate (MPH) has been used to induce emergence from general anesthesia. OBJECTIVES:  The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of MPH on recovery from propofol and ketamine anesthesia in dogs. METHODS: Six healthy male mix-breed dogs weighing 21.9 ± 3.9 kg were used in a randomized crossover design. Thirty minutes after premedication with acepromazine (0...

Recent work by Robert Batterman and Alexander Rueger has brought attention to cases in physics in which governing laws at the base level “break down” and singular limit relations obtain between baseand upper-level theories. As a result, they claim, these are cases with emergent upper-level properties. This paper contends that this inference— from singular limits to explanatory failure, novelty ...