A regional study of snow avalanche processes was undertaken in the SE Pyrenees. Dendrogeomorphology was used to date and reconstruct large-scale snow avalanche events that occurred in the last four decades. Dendrochronological analyses yielded the dates of nine winters when avalanches occurred in the recent past in six studied avalanche paths. Some of these avalanches were already known, but ot...

This paper presents two avalanche forecasting applications NXD2000 and NXD-REG which were developed at the Swiss Federal Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research (SLF). Even both are based on the nearest neighbour method they are targeted to different scales. NXD2000 is used to forecast avalanches on a local scale. It is operated by avalanche forecasters responsible for snow safety at snow spo...

After the avalanche winter of 1999 in Switzerland, which caused 17 deaths and damage of over CHF 600 mill. in buildings and on roads, the project IFKIS, aimed at improving the basics of organizational measures (closure of roads, evacuation etc.) in avalanche risk management, was initiated. The three main parts of the project were the development of a compulsory checklist for avalanche safety se...

Abstract Gas electron Multipliers (GEM) are a new generation of gaseous avalanche devices in the Micro Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) category. GEMs widely used both nuclear and high energy experiments as well medical science. Several parameters define performance these types under various experimental conditions. This article focuses on study effective gain Ion Back Flow (IBF) triple quadrupl...

We demonstrate low noise short wavelength infrared (SWIR) Sb-based type II superlattice (T2SL) avalanche photodiodes (APDs). The SWIR GaSb/(AlAsSb/GaSb) APD structure was designed based on impact ionization engineering and grown by molecular beam epitaxy a GaSb substrate. At room temperature, the device exhibits 50% cut-off of 1.74 µm. revealed to have an electron-dominated avalanching mechanis...

We show that some widely accepted criteria for cryptographic functions, including the strict avalanche criterion (SAC) and the propagation criterion, have various limitations in capturing properties of vital importance to cryptographic algorithms, and propose a new criterion called GAC to measure the global avalanche characteristics of cryptographic functions. We also introduce two indicators r...

The dead-space multiplication theory of Hayat and Saleh @J. Lightwave Technol. 10, 1415 ~1992!#, in conjunction with the multiplication-width-independent ionization-coefficient model developed by Saleh et al. @IEEE Trans. Electron Devices 47, 625 ~2000!#, are shown to accurately predict breakdown voltages for thin avalanche photodiodes of GaAs, InP, In0.52Al0.48As, and Al0.2Ga0.8As, over a broa...

In the paper, a new physical principle for designing of a new optoelectronic device and its theoretical description are presented. The basic idea of the device consists in providing inside a multilayered semiconductor structure such conditions for photoelectrons that enable sequential avalanche multiplication of electrons and holes inside two depletion slabs created around p-n junctions of a re...

Measurements have been made on intrinsic optical bulk breakdown in ten alkali halides at 1.06 microm and in one at 0.69 microm. By comparing the results to previously reported experiments conducted at 10.6 microm and at direct current, it has been possible to identify the damage mechanism as electron avalanche breakdown. Self-focusing has been controlled by restricting the probe powers to well ...