The article analyzes the backbone markers of democracy identified by A. Tocqueville against background a comparison aristocratic systems and effective democracy. essential signs democratic transformations are presented: gradual but noticeable increase in material well-being an average citizen; central government with local self-government significant influence on their decisions universal human...

The article discusses the concept of byzantism developed by prominent Russian notionalist Konstantin Leontiev and its signifi cance for modern Russia. A counterintuitive conclusion can be drawn on how much relevance Leontiev’s ideas still hopelessly retain understanding peculiarities Russia, cultural historical type uniqueness. beginning states obvious reason to turn today: a number his predict...

The aim of the article is to study formation and further evolution Mykola Kostomarov’s historiosophical views on Ukrainian history, determine essence his concept. Research methods are analysis synthesis. Sources article: autobiographical, scientific, journalistic, polemical historical works M. I. Kostomarov, archival materials, latest modern historians. main results: author analyzes heritage th...

In the 19th century, when belief in racial discrimination and superiority could find a response at social even moral levels, claims about humanity as biological species turned into number of pseudoscientific assumptions. This inevitably constituted legitimate ground for Orientalist stereotypes such barbarism, despotism, ignorance, fanaticism backwardness directed towards Eastern societies. Orie...

Bears foraging near human developments are often presumed to be responding to food shortage, but this explanation ignores social factors, in particular despotism in bears. We analyzed the age distribution and body condition index (BCI) of shot brown bears in relation to densities of bears and people, and whether the shot bears were killed by managers (i.e., problem bears; n = 149), in self-defe...