This paper analyzes how a firm should adjust its marketing expenditures and its price to defend its position in an existing market from attack by a competitive new product. Our focus is to provide usable managerial recommendations on the strategy of response. In particular we show that if products can be represented by their position in a multiattribute space, consumers are heterogeneous and ma...

Nowadays, given different definitions and conceptions on development, territorial planning lends to for various economic, social and geographical aspects, however its defensive and security perspectives have been taken into account to less extent. The present research is aimed to specify passive defense legal requirements in Territorial planning through outlining the most important rules on pas...

People high in defensive pessimism—a coping style characterized by ruminating on worse case scenarios when under stress—perform better under high than low academic pressure. The goal of the present study was to explore whether defensive pessimists might also perform better under high rather than low stereotype threat. Results supported hypotheses: specifically, some individuals’ (e.g., defensiv...

Plant life-history strategies associated with resource acquisition and economics (e.g. leaf habit) are thought to be fundamental determinants of the traits and mechanisms that drive herbivore pressure, resource allocation to plant defensive traits, and the simultaneous expression (positive correlations) or trade-offs (negative correlations) between these defensive traits. In particular, it is e...

Extracellular Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (SODs) are critical for balancing the level of reactive oxygen species in the extracellular matrix of eukaryotes. In the present study we have detected constitutive SOD activity in the haemolymph and defensive secretions of different leaf beetle species. Exemplarily, we have chosen the mustard leaf beetle, Phaedon cochleariae, as representative model or...

Luminescent signals can be used by animals for a number of purposes, including courtship and defense, sometimes by the same individual. However, the relative costs of producing these different behaviors are largely unknown. In the marine ostracod Photeros annecohenae, males utilize extracellular luminescence for complex courtship displays, and both males and females luminesce as a predation def...