abstract research and development (r&d;) spending plays a major role in innovation, raising productivity and increasing economic growth. the purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of r&d; spending on growth and total factor productivity (tfp) in iran's agricultural sector. we estimate growth and productivity models using auto-regressive distributed lag (ardl) approach and data over ...

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Listing endangered and threatened species under the US Endangered Species Act is presumed to offer a defense against extinction and a solution to achieve recovery of imperiled populations, but only if effective conservation action ensues after listing occurs. The amount of government funding available for species protection and recovery is one of the best predictors of successful recovery; howe...

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IMPORTANCE Graduate medical education training may imprint young physicians with skills and experiences, but few studies have evaluated imprinting on physician spending patterns. OBJECTIVE To examine the relationship between spending patterns in the region of a physician's graduate medical education training and subsequent mean Medicare spending per beneficiary. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICI...

The study is devoted to the problem of financial regulation defense industry and provision troops, as escalation military conflict in eastern Ukraine has revealed shortcomings this area. A comparative analysis NATO Ukraine’s spending was conducted differences cost structure were identified. tendency gradually approach pointed out, but insufficient level also taken into account. allowed identify...

The article solves the problem of more efficient and economical training combat crews on short range air defense systems. so far is based use conventional means, which require engagement a large number people, expensive equipment, long-term planning spending lot time space. unmanned aerial vehicles - drones, greatly saves all these resources. Our mathematical model, using methods multicriteria ...

The research was conducted on the topic: Defense Budget and Response of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Nigeria: Co-integration Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Approach. It investigated how move response to defence budget considering insecurity problem faced by Nigeria during period study. Time series data which spanned from 1981 2019 sourced CBN. collected subjected unit root test, co-...

Modern smart grids offer several types of digital control and monitoring electric power transmission distribution that enable greater efficiency integrative functionality than traditional grids. These benefits, however, introduce complexity greatly disrupt expand the threat landscape. The number vulnerabilities is increasing as grid-connected devices proliferate. potential costs to society thes...

Consumer participation plays a more active role in corporate social responsibility (CSR) than ever before. However, framework describing how approaches generate cognitive and behavior responses consumers is still lacking. The purpose of this study to investigate the different effects among consumers’ (i.e., spending money versus time) on inspiring engage CSR. Additionally, we explore mechanisms...