The purpose of this article is to suggest a (preliminary) taxonomy and research agenda for the topic of "firms, crowds, and innovation" and to provide an introduction to the associated special issue. We specifically discuss how various crowd-related phenomena and practices-for example, crowdsourcing, crowdfunding, user innovation, and peer production-relate to theories of the firm, with particu...

Crowds pose an interesting example of a complex system in which emergent behaviour is observed out of the interaction of many individual agents. This behaviour can be very important in the safe design of sports and other stadia, especially in the case of possible emergency situations. For this reason crowd dynamics is of great interest to architects. The purpose of this project is to review the...

Host-based rerouting mechanism is a routing scheme that stores and forwards data in application layer. With this, users can communicate in a indirect way. Thus, identity information such as IP addresses can be effectively hidden against eavesdropper. In anonymous communication systems, such as Mixes, Onion Routing, and Crowds, this mechanism is adopted to provide anonymity. This mechanism, howe...

Recent advances in crowd simulation techniques have led to realistic agent and group behavior through elaborate behavioral models, complex motion planning algorithms and impressive physics systems. As many crowd simulation solutions typically target only specific types of environment and scenario, a variety of special-purpose methods and systems has emerged that are hard to re-configure and re-...

This paper proposes a new method and algorithm to efficiently protect web servers against SYN-flooding denial-of-service attacks and flash crowds. The method proposes use of cache to avoid preemption of legitimate SYN messages from the TCP backlog queue in Random Drop (RD) method during SYN-flooding attacks. A new algorithm, the Cached Guaranteed Timer Random Drop (Cached GT-RD), was designed t...

Many species, including humans, display group behavior. Thus, perceiving crowds may be important for social interaction and survival. Here, we provide the first evidence that humans use ensemble-coding mechanisms to perceive the behavior of a crowd of people with surprisingly high sensitivity. Observers estimated the headings of briefly presented crowds of point-light walkers that differed in t...

Crowds of non-combatants play a large and increasingly recognized role in modern military operations, and often create substantial difficulties for the combatant forces involved. U. S. military actions in Mogadishu, Bosnia, and Iraq exemplify the significant effects crowds may have on military operations. However, in spite of their potential significance, realistic models of crowds are essentia...