Background One of the objectives of the health transformation plan (HTP) in Iran is to reduce out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for inpatient services and eradicate informal payments. The HTP has three phases: the first phase (launched in May 5, 2014) is focused on reducing OOP payments for inpatient services; the second phase (launched in May 22, 2014) is focused on primary healthcare (PHC) and the...

The term payments for environmental services (PES) has rapidly gained popularity, with its focus on market-based mechanisms for enhancing environmental services (ES). Current use of the term, however, covers a broad spectrum of interactions between ES suppliers and beneficiaries. A broader class of mechanisms pursues ES enhancement through compensation or rewards. Such mechanisms can be analyze...

A major challenge in biodiversity conservation is to facilitate viable populations of large apex predators in ecosystems where they were recently driven to ecological extinction due to resource conflict with humans.Monetary compensation for losses of livestock due to predation is currently a key instrument to encourage human-carnivore coexistence. However, a lack of quantitative estimates of li...

Awareness of the morally significant distinction between research and innovative therapy reveals serious gaps in the legal provision for compensation in the UKfor injured subjects of medical research. Major problems are limitations inherent in negligence actions and a culture that emphasises indemnifying researchers before compensating victims. Medical research morally requires compensation on ...

Currently, business development has led to the digital economy or online market due changes in people's shopping styles, which have begun shift from offline shopping. This is an opportunity for actors their products through media such as e-commerce. E-commerce facilitates communication between sellers and buyers, marketing product promotion activities by sellers, sale purchase transaction proce...

Crowdsourcing markets like Amazon’s Mechanical Turk or Crowdflower are quickly growing in size and popularity. The allocation of workers and compensation approaches in these markets are, however, still very simple. In particular, given a set of tasks that need to be solved within a specific time constraint, no mechanism exists for the requestor to (a) find a suitable set of crowd workers that c...

Objectives: Employers increasingly focus on absence benefits and connections with employee health. United States include Sick Leave (SL), Short- Long-Term Disability (STD LTD, respectively) for non-work-related injuries/illnesses, Workers’ Compensation (WC) work-related injuries/illnesses. This research explores all-cause (SL, STD, WC) utilization changes from baseline eligible employees rheuma...

One of the greatest challenges in biodiversity conservation today is how to facilitate protection of species that are highly valued at a global scale but have little or even negative value at a local scale. Imperiled species such as large predators can impose significant economic costs at a local level, often in poverty-stricken rural areas where households are least able to tolerate such costs...

The first outbreak of foot and mouth disease (FMD) recorded in Ireland since 1941 was successfully eliminated due to four main factors, as follows: --the willingness of the farmers in Cooley to sacrifice themselves in the national interest --decisive action was taken rapidly once the first outbreak was declared --geographical location of the Meigh and Proleek outbreaks which enabled the authori...