The shoulder joint is complex in structure and functionality. It is often difficult to assess clinically due to the great variety of associated pathology. This article presents an overview of the anatomy of the shoulder region and associated pathologies, whilst providing a summary of the clinical examination of the shoulder and associated 'special tests'. A full history is vital when assessing ...

OBJECTIVE The perception of pitch has recently gained attention. At present, clinical audiologic tests to assess this are hardly available. This article reports on the development of a clinical test using harmonic intonation (HI) and disharmonic intonation (DI). STUDY DESIGN Prospective collection of normative data and pilot study in hearing-impaired subjects. SETTING Tertiary referral cent...

Unsatisfactory control of blood pressure (BP) leading to an increased rate of cardiovascular events is the main cause of mortality in haemodialysis. BP control has deteriorated since haemodialysis session times have been reduced. Inadequate BP control most often is due to a failure to achieve and maintain dry weight. Dry weight and normotension have been gradually omitted in the goals of dialys...

To cite: Cassidy A. Pract Neurol 2016;16:317–322. INTRODUCTION Neurologists are familiar with the standard definition of apraxia: ‘an inability to perform a motor task that cannot be adequately explained by motor weakness, sensory loss or a lack of understanding’. Being a definition of exclusion, this has led to a bewildering number of motor disorders being described as forms of apraxia, despit...

Neuropsychological assessment is a performance-based method to assess cognitive functioning. This method is used to examine the cognitive consequences of brain damage, brain disease, and severe mental illness. There are several specific uses of neuropsychological assessment, including collection of diagnostic information, differential diagnostic information, assessment of treatment response, an...

Correspondence to: Ka-Man Chan Abstract: Systemic Sclerosis (SSc) is a heterogenous multi-system connective tissue disorder with considerable morbidity and mortality. Assessment of the extent of skin disease is an essential part in the diagnosis and monitoring of SSc. Newer methods such as high frequency dermal ultrasound, durometry and elastometry provide high accuracy for skin assessment and ...

hyperbilirubinaemia The study by Keren and colleagues is a retrospective study, using infants in whom preand post-discharge TSB has been carried out, hence causing an inherent bias towards the same group. The data for clinical risk have been collected from documents such as admission, intrapartum, and discharge forms. This retrospective collection can result in missing or ambiguous data, as has...